Read Master of the Senate Online
Authors: Robert A. Caro
Orum, Anthony.
Power, Money, and the People: The Making of Modern Austin
. Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987.
Oshinsky, David M.
A Conspiracy So Immense
. New York: Free Press, 1983.
Parker, Robert, with Richard Rashke.
Capitol Hill in Black and White
. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986.
Patterson, James T.
Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Pearson, Drew.
Diaries, 1949–1959
, Tyler Abell. New York: Holt Rinehart, 1974.
Pearson, Drew, and Jack Anderson.
The Case Against Congress: A Compelling Indictment of Corruption on Capitol Hill
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968.
Peterson, Merrill D.
The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Phillips, Cabell B.
The 1940s: Decade of Triumph and Trouble
. New York: Macmillan, 1975.
Phillips, Cabell B.
The Truman Presidency
. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Preston, Nathaniel Stone.
The Senate Institution
. New York: Van Nostrand, 1969.
Price, Margaret.
The Negro Voter in the South
. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1957.
Pycior, Julie Leininger.
LBJ and Mexican Americans: The Paradox of Power
. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.
Quezada, J. Gilberto.
Border Boss: Manuel B. Bravo and Zapata County
. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999.
Raines, Howell.
My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered
. New York: Putnam, 1977.
Reedy, George.
Lyndon B. Johnson: A Memoir
. New York: Andrews & McMeel, 1982.
Reedy, George.
The U.S. Senate: Paralysis or a Search for Consensus?
New York: Crown, 1986.
Reeves, Thomas C.
The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy
. New York: Stein and Day, 1982.
Reston, James.
Deadline: A Memoir
. New York: Random House, 1991.
Reston, James, Jr.
The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally
. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
Riddick, Floyd M.
Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate—History and Development of the Offices of Floor Leaders
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.
Riddick, Floyd M.
The United States Congress: Organization and Procedure
. Manassas, Va.: National Capitol Publishers, 1949.
Riddick, Floyd M.
Riddick's Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices
, rev. and ed. Alan S. Frumin. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.
Rosenman, Samuel I.
Working with Roosevelt
. New York: Harper & Bros., 1952.
Ross, Irwin.
The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948
. New York: New American Library, 1968.
Rovere, Richard H., and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
The General and the President, and the Future of American Foreign Policy
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951.
Rowan, Carl T.
Go South to Sorrow
. New York: Random House, 1957.
Rowe, Robert.
The Bobby Baker Story
. New York: Parallax, 1967.
Russell, Jan Jarboe.
Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson
. New York: Scribners, 1999.
Russell, Francis.
The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding in His Times
. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Sanders, Elizabeth.
Regulation of Natural Gas: Policy and Politics, 1938–1978
. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
The Age of Jackson
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1945.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
The Coming of the New Deal
. Vol. 2 of
The Age of Roosevelt
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933
. Vol. 1 of
The Age of Roosevelt
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
The Imperial Presidency
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
The Politics of Upheaval
. Vol. 3 of
The Age of Roosevelt:
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
Scobie, Ingrid Winther.
Center Stage: Helen Gahagan Douglas
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Seidman, Joel.
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen: The Internal Political Life of a National Union
. New York: John Wiley, 1962.
Shaffer, Samuel.
On and Off the Floor: Thirty Years as a Correspondent on Capitol Hill
. New York: Newsweek Books, 1980.
Sherrill, Robert.
The Accidental President
. New York: Grossman, 1967.
Shuman, Howard E.
Politics and the Budget: The Struggle Between the President and the Congress
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Sidey, Hugh.
A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House
. New York: Atheneum, 1968.
Sinclair, Barbara.
The Transformation of the U.S. Senate
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
Smith, A. Robert.
The Tiger in the Senate: The Biography of Wayne Morse
. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1962.
Smith, Gene.
When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson
. New York: William Morrow, 1964.
Smith, Marie.
The President's Lady: An Intimate Biography of Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson
. New York: Random House, 1964.
Solberg, Carl.
Hubert Humphrey: A Biography
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.
Southern Regional Council.
Black Elected Officials in the Southern States
. SRC Report. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1966.
Southern Regional Council.
The Negro and the Ballot in the South
. SRC Report. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1959.
Southern Regional Council.
School Desegregation
. SRC Report. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1966.
Standard & Poor's Corp.
Standard Corporate Descriptions, 1949–1956
. New York: Standard & Poor's Corp., Quarterly.
Stehling, Arthur. “A Country Lawyer,” unnumbered pp., unpublished memoir (in author's possession).
Steinberg, Alfred.
Sam Johnson's Boy: A Close-Up of the President from Texas
. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Steinberg, Alfred.
Sam Rayburn
. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1975.
Stone, I. F.
The Haunted Fifties
. New York: Random House, 1963.
Strong, Donald.
Registration of Voters in Alabama
. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1956.
Swanstrom, Roy.
The United States Senate, 1787–1801, a Dissertation: The First Fourteen Years of the Upper Legislative Body
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986.
Talmadge, Herman E., with Mark Royden Winchell.
Talmadge: A Political Legacy, a Politician's Life, a Memoir
. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1987.
Tananbaum, Duane.
The Bricker Amendment Controversy: A Test of Eisenhower's Political Leadership
. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988.
Thomas, Evans.
The Man to See: Edward Bennett Williams, Ultimate Insider, Legendary Trial Lawyer
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Tocqueville, Alexis de.
Democracy in America
, Vol. I. New York: Knopf, 1945.
Tuskegee Institute.
Annual Reports
. Tuskegee Institute, Ala.: 1954–63.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Civil Rights Commission Hearings in Alabama
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Commission Report of North Carolina
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Employment: 1961; Education: 1961
(two volumes). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Freedom to the Free, Century of Emancipation, 1863–1963
. A Report to the President. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Report of the Florida Advisory Committee: A Survey of the Gap in Florida
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
1963: A Report of the Mississippi Advisory Committee
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
Voting in Mississippi
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
With Liberty and Justice for All
. Civil Rights Commission Report. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959.
U.S. Senate.
Creation of the Senate: From the Proceedings of the Federal Convention, Philadelphia, May—September 1787
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987.
U.S. Senate, Committee on the Armed Services.
Reports of the Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, 81st and 82nd Congress, 1950, 51, 52
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary.
Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary
, Civil Rights, 1957: 85/1, Vol. 71.
U.S. Senate, Democratic Conference.
Minutes of the U.S. Senate Democratic Conference, 1903–1964
, Donald A. Ritchie. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1998.
U.S. Senate, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Aeronautical Space Services.
Reports and Hearings re Missile and Space Activities for 85th and 86th Congress, from April 1957 to June 1959
. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Van Deusen, Glyndon Garlock.
The Life of Henry Clay
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1937.
Warren, Earl.
The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren
. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977.
Watson, Denton L.
Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell Jr.'s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws
. New York: William Morrow, 1990.
Weisenberger, Carol A.
Dollars and Dreams: The National Youth Administration in Texas
. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994.
White, Theodore H.
The Making of the President, 1960
. New York: Atheneum, 1961.
White, William S.
Citadel: The Story of the U.S. Senate
. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.
White, William S.
The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
White, William S.
The Taft Story
. New York: Harper & Bros., 1954.
Whitfield, Stephen J.
A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till
. New York: Free Press, 1988.
Wicker, Tom.
JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality upon Politics
. New York: Morrow, 1968.
Wicker, Tom.
On Press
. New York: Viking, 1978.
Wicker, Tom.
One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream
. New York: Random House, 1991.
Wilkins, Roy, with Tom Mathews.
Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins
. New York: Viking Penguin, 1982.
Wilkinson, J. Harvie III.
Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics, 1945–1966.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1968.
Williams, Juan.
Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965
. New York: Viking, 1987.
Williams, Nancy,
Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives
. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.
Wilson, Woodrow.
Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885.
Wiltse, Charles M.
John C. Calhoun
. 3 vols. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1944–1951.
Wiltse, Charles M.,
The Papers of Daniel Webster, Vol. I, 1800–1833
. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1986.
Wright, Richard.
12 Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States
. New York: Viking, 1941.
Young, Roland.
This Is Congress
. New York: Knopf, 1943.
Zangrando, Robert L.
The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950
. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
ABBREVIATIONS
AA-S | Austin American-Statesman |
AC | Atlanta Constitution |
ACWD | Ann C. Whitman Diary |
APSR | American Political Science Review |
AWNS | Ann Whitman Name Series |
AWPP | Alvin Wirtz Personal Papers |
AWRP | A. Willis Robertson Papers |
CCC-T | Corpus Christi Caller-Times |
CR | Congressional Record |
DDEL | Dwight D. Eisenhower Library |
DDEPP | Dwight D. Eisenhower Public Papers of the Presidents |
DMN | Dallas Morning News |
DT-H | Dallas Times-Herald |
FDRL | Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library |
FWS-T | Fort Worth Star-Telegram |
HC | Houston Chronicle |
HHLP | Herbert H. Lehman Papers, Columbia University |
HP | Houston Post |
HSTL | Harry S Truman Library |
JNYA | Johnson National Youth Administration Papers |
JSP | Johnson Senate Papers |
KGP | Katharine Graham Papers |
LAT | Los Angeles Times |
LBJA | Lyndon Baines Johnson Archives |
LBJA | CF LBJA Congressional File |
LBJA | FN LBJA Famous Names File |
LBJA | SF LBJA Subject File |
LBJA | SN LBJA Selected Names File |
LBJL | Lyndon Baines Johnson Library |
LC | Library of Congress |
LLM | Legislative Leaders Meetings |
LMS | Legislative Meetings Series |
LOP | Leland Olds Papers |
MP | MacNeil Papers |
NA | National Archives |
NAACPP | NAACP Papers |
NARA | National Archives and Records Administration |
NYHT | New York Herald Tribune |
NYP | New York Post |
NYT | New York Times |
NYWT | New York World Telegram |
OH | Oral History |
PPCF | Pre-Presidential Confidential File |
PPMF | Pre-Presidential Memo File |
RBRL | Richard B. Russell Library |
RP | Rauh Papers |
SAE | San Antonio Express |
SEP | Saturday Evening Post |
SHO | Senate Historical Office |
SLP-D | St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
SP | Steele Papers |
SPF | Senate Political Files |
SRL | Sam Rayburn Library |
USN&WR | U.S. News & World Report |
UVaL | University of Virginia Library |
WHFN | White House Famous Names File |
WN | Washington News |
WP | Washington Post and Times Herald |
WS | Washington Star |
WSJ | Wall Street Journal |
W-SJ | Winston-Salem Journal |
WT | Washington Times |
Barbour County episode:
“Testimony of Margaret Frost, Eufaula, Barbour, Ala.,” U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
Hearing Held in Montgomery, Alabama, Dec. 8, 1958
, pp. 262–67; Ina Caro and Robert Caro interviews with David Frost and Margaret Frost; see also Testimony of George R. Morris and Andrew Jones, pp. 248–262.
“There is”:
U.S. Senate,
Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-fifth Congress, First Session, on S. 83, And Amendment 2.S.83, S. 427
, p. 239. See also Strong,
Registration of Voters in Alabama;
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,
With Liberty and Justice for All
, pp. 59–75, 84–95.
“Back then”:
Hugh Sidey, “The Presidency,”
Time
, Dec. 15, 1985.
240:
Hurst interview.
“If you’re”:
Humphrey, quoted in Miller,
Lyndon
, p. 166. For Humphrey describing Johnson’s gesture in slightly different words, see his OH II, pp. 10, 11, and OH III, pp. 9, 10.
“For all”:
Steele to Williamson, June 9, 1955; March 4, 1958; SP; Steele interview.
“It was”:
Sidey,
Personal Presidency
, p. 45.
“He signaled”:
Sidey interview.
“I do understand”:
Johnson, quoted in McPherson,
Political Education
, p. 450.
“Would explain”:
Jackson, quoted in Reston,
Deadline
, pp. 304, 305.
“I’m just”:
Johnson, quoted in Dickerson,
Among Those Present
, pp. 154–55.
“The South’s unending”:
White,
Citadel
, p. 68.
Webster’s reply to Hayne:
Wiltse, ed.,
Papers of Daniel Webster
, pp. 349–93 (Reported Version); Byrd,
The Senate
, Vol. I, pp. 109–15; Vol. III, pp. 3, 4.
“Coarse homespun”; “White, triumphant”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 111.
“Could shake”; “great cannon”:
Emerson, quoted in Schlesinger,
Age of Jackson
, p. 84.
Smile faded:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 113.
Tears; “even Calhoun”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 114.
“Thrilled”:
Josephy,
The Congress
, p. 178.
“Embellished”:
Wiltse, ed.,
Papers of Daniel Webster
, p. 286.
Edition followed:
Wiltse, ed., p. 286.
“Has probably”; “No speech”; “raised”; “part”:
Peterson,
The Great Triumvirate
, pp. 179–80.
“The Founding”:
Schlesinger,
Imperial Presidency
, p. 79.
“The turbulence”:
Madison,
Notes of Debates
(1920 ed.), p. 34.
“Real”:
Madison,
Debates
, (1987 ed.), pp. 193–94; Hamilton,
Federalist Papers
, p. 387.
“A necessary”:
Madison,
Debates
(1987 ed.), p. 194.
“To be guarded”; “first”:
Madison, pp. 194–95, 193.
“The use”:
Madison,
Debates
(1920 ed.), p. 34, quoted in Haynes,
The Senate of the United States
, Vol. I, p. 14.
“An anchor”:
Hamilton, p. 385.
“Why”:
Josephy, p. 46.
“Numerous”:
Hamilton, pp. 379, 380.
When Wilson:
Haynes, Vol. I, p. 11.
“The people”; “the evils”:
Madison,
Debates
(1920 ed.), p. 71, quoted in Haynes, Vol. I, p. 11.
“Filtration”; “refinement”:
Madison,
Debates
(1920 ed.), p. 69, quoted in Haynes, Vol. I, p. 13.
“Change of men”; what good:
Hamilton, pp. 380, 381.
“The object”; “hold”:
Madison, p. 34, quoted in Haynes,
Vol. I, p. 16.
“It was so”:
White,
Citadel
, pp. 33–34.
“Where else”:
Hamilton, No. 65, p. 441.
“The senatorial trust”:
Hamilton, p. 376.
“As”:
Haynes, Vol. I, p. 15.
Judiciary Act:
Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 14, 17; Josephy, pp. 10, 67–69.
“Almost an appendage”:
Josephy, p. 67.
The desks:
Description of Senate Chamber from Adams,
History
, pp. 454–55.
“Better calculated”; “such success”:
Adams, pp. 437, 438.
“To impeachment”:
Schlesinger,
Imperial Presidency
, p. 30.
Republicans succeeded:
Josephy, p. 134; Malone,
Jefferson: First Term
, pp. 148, 460–64.
“Outrageously”:
Garraty,
American Nation
, p. 220.
“Towered”:
Malone, p. 464.
“Nothing more”:
John Quincy Adams,
Memoirs
, Vol. I, pp. 321–22, quoted in Schlesinger,
Imperial Presidency
, p. 30.
Endangered:
Garraty, p. 220.
“Aged patriot”:
Harper, quoted in Elsmere,
Justice Samuel Chase
, pp. 285–86.
Description of the voting:
Adams, pp. 462, 463; Elsmere, pp. 293–306.
White House pressure:
Elsmere, p. 295, says, “The President had attempted discreetly throughout the trial to aid the prosecution. Guests at several dinners included Aaron Burr, some of the managers, and the more important senators or those whose votes were in doubt.”
“Crooked gun”; offered two:
Elsmere, p. 217; Adams, p. 450.
“Almost”:
Samuel Taggert, quoted in Elsmere, p. 269.
“Fresh”; “a stillness”:
Josephy, p. 135.
Burr’s speech:
Baker,
The Senate
, “Reading No. 16: Aaron Burr’s Farewell to the Senate, March 2, 1805,” pp. 148–49.
“The Senate”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 48.
“Ideal:
Josephy, p. 176. And see Baker,
The Senate
, p. 33.
Ridiculous; “within”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 86.
Houston’s clothing:
Josephy, p. 203.
Bluntly:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 177.
Buzzing:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 122; Josephy, p. 179.
“Disunion”; “within”:
Peterson, pp. 216, 221.
On the day:
Peterson, pp. 222–23.
The most difficult:
Peterson, p. 409.
“Commanding”:
Schlesinger,
Age of Jackson
, pp. 242–43.
“His voice”:
Matthews,
Oratory and Orators
, p. 312, quoted in Peterson, pp. 408, 409.
How much; “the arch”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 123.
“A caged”; “the impious”:
Peterson, p. 222.
“Hypnotize”; “depopulate”; “white gloves”; “No lover”; “Stepping”:
Peterson, pp. 167, 379; Matthews,
Oratory and Orators
, Van Deusen,
Life of Henry Clay, passim;
Josephy, p. 200.
“So penetrating”:
Matthews, p. 38.
“Made”:
Schlesinger,
Age of Jackson
, p. 83.
Clay’s speech:
Peterson, pp. 227–30.
“Such was”:
William T. Hammett to F. W. White, Feb. 12, 1833, quoted in Peterson, p. 227.
“Day and night”; “Would generally”; “ornaments”:
Peterson, pp. 232–34.
“He spoke”:
Peterson, p. 457.
“If any”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 188.
Visiting Webster:
Kennedy,
Profiles in Courage
, pp. 61–62, 65–67.
“Rose”:
Van Deusen, p. 399.
“I implore”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 189.
“When”:
National Era
, July 18, 1850, quoted in Peterson, p. 472.
“Seized”:
Peterson, p. 459.
“What”:
New York Herald
, Jan. 31, Feb. 8, 1850, quoted in Peterson, p. 458.
“Emaciated”:
Charles Wiltse, ed.,
John C. Calhoun
, Vol. III, quoted in Byrd, Vol. I, p. 190.
Sitting at his desk:
Richard M. Ketchum, “Faces from the Past—XXII,”
American Heritage
, Oct. 1967.
“The greatest”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 190.
“Not since”:
Peterson, p. 462.
Webster’s speech:
Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 191–92.
Their last exchange:
Byrd, Vol. I, pp. 193, 194;
Congressional Globe
, 31/1, Appendix, pp. 271, 273.
“If I”:
Wiltse,
John C. Calhoun
, Vol. III, p. 475, quoted in Byrd, Vol. I, p. 194;
Congressional Globe
, 31/1, p. 520.
“A higher”:
Garraty, p. 386.
“Let him fire!”:
Baker,
The Senate
, p. 48.
“A truly”: “the mighty”:
Peterson, p. 495.
The fuse:
Josephy, p. 210.
Sumner’s caning:
Burns,
Vineyard of Liberty
, p. 552.
Bought the time:
Baker,
The Senate
, p. 33.
“Perhaps”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 200.
“Beginning”:
Peterson, p. 234.
“The Senate contains”:
Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, Vol. I, pp. 204, 205.
“The only”; “the most”:
Lindsay Rogers, “The Gentlemen and Their Club,”
NYT Book Review
, Jan. 13, 1957.
“It only”:
Byrd, Vol. I, p. 227.
“If people”:
Josephy, p. 233.