Mary Rose (26 page)

16
. Raimondo de Raimondi, Milanese envoy in England to the Duke, 17 November 1498.
Calendar of State Papers, Milan, 1385–1618
, I, p. 358.

17
.
Cal. Ven
, I, p. 790. ‘News from London’, 1 April 1499.

18
. Erasmus,
Opus Epistolarum
, ed. P. S. and H. M. Allen (12 vols, 1906–58), I, no. 1.

19
. Such as ‘Giles the Luter’ or ‘The Welsh harpist’. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 24.

20
. Ibid., pp. 27–8.

21
. De Puebla to Ferdinand and Isabella, 15 July 1488,
Calendar of State Papers, Spanish
, I, p. 5.

22
. G. Reese,
Music in the Renaissance
(1954), pp. 769 et seq.

23
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 27.

24
.
De Institutione Feminae Christianae
(1524), in
Opera Omnia
, IV, pp. 65–301.

25
. Rychard Hyrde’s translation of Vives,
A Very Frutefull and Pleasant Boke
(1540).

26
. Garrett Mattingly,
Catherine of Aragon
(1942), pp. 141–2.

27
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 30.

28
. Chrimes,
Henry VII
, p. 93.

29
. R. L. Storey,
The Reign of Henry VII
(1968), p. 62.

30
. Polydore Vergil,
Anglica Historia
, ed. D. Hay (Camden Society, n.s., 74, 1950), pp. 142–3.

2. The Princess of Castile

1
A. H. Thomas and I. D. Thornley,
The Great Chronicle of London
(1938), pp. 312–15. S. Anglo,
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
(1969), pp. 100–3.

2
. Mattingly,
Catherine of Aragon
, p. 55.

3
. There was from the start dispute within the College of Cardinals as to the propriety of this dispensation, which partly at least accounts for the delay. Chrimes,
Henry VII
, p. 286.

4
. The text of the declaration made by Prince Henry to Bishop Fox is printed in G. Burnet,
History of the Reformation
, ed. N. Pocock (1865), vol. 4, in the Collection of Records, pp. 17–18.

5
. The report of these envoys is printed in
Memorials of King Henry VII
, ed. J. Gairdner (1858), pp. 223–39.

6
.
Memorials
, p. 278.

7
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 34.

8
. Anne had been the heir of Duke Francis II, who had died in 1488. She had been married originally to Charles VIII, and after his death in 1498 transferred (after a diplomatic divorce on his part) to his successor Louis XII.

9
. This was a betrothal; the actual marriage did not take place until May 1514. The purpose, however, was to preserve the personal union in the event of Louis having no son.

10
. Chrimes,
Henry VII
, p. 289. A partial account of the visit, written by an unknown contemporary, is printed in
Memorials
, pp. 282–303.

11
. According to one chronicle, Mary and Catherine both enjoyed ‘great cheer’ during this visit. Charles Wriothesley,
A Chronicle of England
, ed. W. D. Hamilton (Camden Society, n.s., vol. XI, 1875).

12
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 36.

13
. Thomas Brady et al.
A Handbook of European History, 1400–1600
(1994), pp. 446–54.

14
. Where he remained until he was executed as a precaution by Henry VIII before his French campaign of 1513. His brother Richard was serving in the French army, and this is thought to have sealed his fate. J. J. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
(1968), p. 32.

15
. This may have been because he did not get around to it before his death in September. The treaty was subsequently confirmed verbally (but not formally ratified) by Margaret of Savoy.

16
.
Memorials
, pp. 282–303.

17
.
Cal. Ven., 1202–1509
, pp. 883, 886. Vincenzo Quirini to the Signory, 25 June, 23 July 1506.

18
.
Cal. Span
., I, p. 502.

19
. Ibid., p. 437. De Puebla to Ferdinand.

20
. Sadlack,
The French Queen’s Letters
, p. 16.

21
. Ibid., p. 444. It is not clear that this clause was ever honoured.

22
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 39.

23
. A. F. Pollard,
The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources
(1913/67), III, p. 128.

24
. Petrus Carmelianus,
The solempnities & triumphes doon & made at the spousells and mariage of the kynges daughter, the ladye Marye
, ed. James Gairdner (Camden Miscellany, 9, no. 53 (2), 1893), p. 10.

25
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 42–3.

26
. Carmellianus, loc. cit.

27
. Pollard,
The Reign of Henry VII
, III, p. 128.

28
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, pp, 43–4.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Carmellinus,
The solempnities
, p. 15.

31
. The only evidence for Henry’s dying wish is contained in a letter written by Henry VIII to Margaret of Savoy on 27 June.
Letters and Papers … of the reign of Henry VIII
, ed. J. S. Brewer et al. (1862–1910), I, no. 84.

32
. On Fuensalida’s incompetence, see Mattingly,
Catherine of Aragon
, pp. 79–95. See also Pollard,
The Reign of Henry VII
, I, p. 317.

33
. Pollard, loc. cit.

34
. John Leland,
De Rebus Brittanicus Collectanea
(1715), IV, pp. 303–9. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 57–8.

35
. Chrimes,
Henry VII,
pp. 311–13.
The Will of Henry VII
, ed. T. Astle (1775).

36
. Mary C. Brown,
Mary Tudor, Queen of France
(1911), p. 73.

37
. On Catherine’s appearance at this time, see Mattingly, p. 97.

38
. Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida,
Correspondencia
, ed. El Duque de Alba (1907), p. 518.

39
. Edward Hall,
Chronicle
(ed. 1806), p. 507.

40
. D. Loades,
The Fighting Tudors
(2009), pp. 40–59.

41
.
Cal. Ven
., II, p. 11.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 156.

42
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 63.

43
. Ibid. The Duke was acting ‘by the aid and comfort of the French King’. Pollard,
The Reign of Henry VII
, p. 143.

44
. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 26.

45
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 1182.
Cal. Span
., II, p. 131.

46
. The naval campaign had not fared much better. A fleet had gone to Brest, but the only result of the campaign had been the loss of the
Regent
in dramatic circumstances. Alfred Spont,
The French War of 1512–13
(1897), pp. 49–50.

47
. Rymer,
Foedera
, XIII, p. 354
. Letters and Papers
, I, nos. 1750, 1884. Charles Cruickshank,
Henry VIII and the Invasion of France
(1990), p. 82.

48
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 276. The idea seems to have come originally from Maximilian.

49
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 67.

50
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 1777.

51
. Ibid., no. 2366, Declaration of 15 October 1513.

52
. Cruickshank,
Invasion of France
, p. 163.

53
. Polydore Vergil,
Anglica Historia
, p. 221. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 37–8.

54
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 2682.

55
. Ibid., no. 2849

56
. Ibid., no. 3101. This document also includes an oath by Louis XII to observe the peace between the realms.

57
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 75.

3. The Politics of Marriage

1
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 76.

2
. R. J. Knecht,
Francis I
(1982), pp. 242–3.

3
.
Cal. Span
., II, p. 164.

4
. Ibid., pp. 159, 170.

5
.
Calendar of State Papers, Milan
, pp. 686, 708–9.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 2997.

6
.
Cal. Ven
., II, nos. 635, 695. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 53.

7
. Message from Paris, 7 April 1514.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 2791.

8
. Ibid., no. 2957.

9
. Rymer,
Foedera
, XIII, p. 413 et seq.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 3131.

10
. This response was accompanied, apparently, by Charles plucking a young hawk alive, to the consternation of his councillors. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 79.

11
. Marino Sanuto,
Diarii
, ed. R. Fulin, F. Stefani et al. (1879–1903, Vol. XIX).

12
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 3134. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 81.

13
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 3146. Ibid.

14
.
Cal. Ven
., II, no. 500. Henry sent it to the jewellers of ‘the Row’ to have it valued, which was probably Middle Row near Staple Inn. This is close to Hatton Garden, the centre of the present diamond market. M. Perry,
Sisters to the King
, p. 129.

15
. Venetian notes, 28 August 1514
. Letters and Papers
, I, no. 3206.

16
. Ibid., no. 3247.

17
. Perry,
Sisters
, p. 130.

18
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 84.

19
. Ibid., p. 85.

20
.
Cal. Ven
., II, no. 500.

21
. Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 570.

22
. Ibid. Perry,
Sisters
, p. 133.

23
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 90.

24
. Ibid., p. 91.

25
.
Cal. Ven
., II, no. 207.

26
. Louis seems to have conducted himself in a remarkably youthful fashion throughout this encounter, not even dismounting in order to embrace her.
Les Memoires de Martin et Guillaume Du Bellay
(1753), VII, p. 184.

27
. Carriages in the later sense were not known in the sixteenth century. These wagons were un-sprung, and drawn by anything from two to six horses. When carrying people, as here, they were normally highly decorated.

28
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 94.

29
.
Cal. Ven
., II, no. 511.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Ibid. Perry,
Sisters
, p. 139. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 95. The alarm bells were not rung, for fear of disturbing the King.

32
.
Cal. Ven,
II, no. 511.

33
. Ibid. Perry,
Sisters
, p. 138.

34
. Du Bellay, VII, p. 187.

35
. None of the numerous accounts of these events make mention of any expression of opinion on Mary’s part. Presumably actions spoke louder than words. Du Bellay, VII, p. 187.

36
. Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 571.
Letters and Papers
, I, ii, no. 3580. S. J. Gunn,
Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
(1988), pp. 32–5.

37
.
Cal. Span
., II, p. 192.
Letters and Papers
, I, nos. 3472, 3476.

38
. Ibid., p. 201.

39
.
Letters and Papers
, I, ii, no. 3387.

40
. Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 114.

41
. Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 571.

42
. Du Bellay, VI, p. 184

43
.
Letters and Papers
, I, no. 3355. Sadlack,
The French Queen’s Letters
, p. 15.