Mao's Great Famine (66 page)

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Authors: Frank Dikötter

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12
Guangdong, 20 Jan. 1961, 217-1-645, pp. 15–19.
13
Report at the Lushan conference, Gansu, Sept. 1961, 91-18-193, p. 82.
14
Gansu, 24 Oct. 1960, zhongfa (60) 865, 91-18-164, pp. 169–72.
15
Speech by Li Fuchun, Hunan, 20 Dec. 1961, 141-1-1931, pp. 154–5.
16
Shanghai, 28 July 1959, B258-1-431, pp. 4–5.
17
Wuhan, 15 May and 23 June 1959, 13-1-765, pp. 44–5 and 56.
18
Hunan, April 1960, 141-2-164, p. 82.
19
Guangdong, 5 July 1961, 307-1-186, pp. 47–52.
20
Sichuan, 22 and 24 March 1960, JC50-315.
21
Sichuan, Dec. 1961, JC50-325.
22
Beijing, 4 March and 7 Aug. 1959, 2-11-146, pp. 1–23.
23
Nanjing, 16 April 1959, 4003-1-279, p. 153.
24
Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 110–15.
25
Sichuan, Feb. 1961, JC1-2576, pp. 41–2.
26
Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, pp. 44–9.
27
Guangdong, 12 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, pp. 33–43.
28
Hunan, 11 May 1961, 141-2-139, p. 61.
29
Hunan, 17 May 1961, 146-1-584, p. 26.
30
Sichuan, Aug. 1961, JC1-2584, p. 14.
31
Sichuan, 1962, JC44-1440, pp. 127–8.
32
Hubei, 18 Nov. 1960, SZ18-2-198, pp. 69–71.
33
Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, p. 9.
34
Li Heming, Paul Waley and Phil Rees, ‘Reservoir Resettlement in China: Past Experience and the Three Gorges Dam’,
Geographical Journal
, vol. 167, no. 3 (Sept. 2001), p. 197.
35
Guangdong, Oct. 1961, 217-1-113, pp. 58–61.
36
Hunan, 15 Dec. 1961 and 21 March 1962, 207-1-753, pp. 103–5 and 106–9.
37
Beijing, 25 April 1961, 2-13-39, pp. 1–14.
38
James L. Watson, ‘The Structure of Chinese Funerary Rites’, in James L. Watson and Evelyn S. Rawski (eds),
Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
39
Neibu cankao
, 7 Dec. 1960, pp. 12–13.
40
Hunan, 14 Feb. 1958, 141-1-969, p. 19.
41
Interview with Wei Shu, born 1920s, Langzhong county, Sichuan, April 2006.
42
Beijing, 18 April 1959, 2-11-36, pp. 7–8 and 17–18.
43
Beijing, 14 Nov. 1958, 2-11-33, p. 3.
44
The report was sent to the provincial party committee in Hunan; Hunan, March 1959, 141-1-1322, pp. 108–10.

Chapter 21: Nature

1
Ferdinand P. W. von Richthofen,
Baron Richthofen’s Letters, 1870–1872
, Shanghai: North-China Herald Office, 1903, p. 55, quoted in Dikötter,
Exotic Commodities
, p. 177.
2
I. T. Headland,
Home Life in China
, London: Methuen, 1914, p. 232, quoted in Dikötter,
Exotic Commodities
, p. 177.
3
Shapiro,
Mao’s War against Nature
, pp. 3–4.
4
Mao’s speech at Supreme State Conference on 28–30 Jan. 1958, Gansu, 91-18-495, p. 202.
5
Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10.
6
Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.
7
RGAE, Moscow, 7 Aug. 1959, 9493-1-1098, p. 29.
8
Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10.
9
Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, zhongfa (62) 430, 91-18-250, p. 66.
10
Beijing, 3 March 1961, 2-13-51, pp. 7–8.
11
Beijing, 26 May 1961, 92-1-143, pp. 11–14.
12
Ibid.
13
Beijing, 3 March 1961, 2-13-51, pp. 7–8.
14
Hubei, SZ113-2-195, 12 Feb. and 1 Nov. 1961, pp. 8–10 and 28–31.
15
Gansu, 23 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 72.
16
Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 83.
17
Guangdong, 10 May 1961, 217-1-210, pp. 88–9.
18
Nanjing, 25 Dec. 1958, 4003-1-150, p. 73.
19
Beijing, 26 May 1961, 92-1-143, pp. 11–14.
20
Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, zhongfa (62) 430, 91-18-250, p. 69.
21
Hubei, 10 March 1961, SZ113-2-195, pp. 2–3.
22
Hunan, 28 Nov. 1961, 163-1-1109, pp. 138–47.
23
Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 83.
24
Hunan, 18 Nov. 1961, 163-1-1109, p. 60.
25
Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 65.
26
For estimates based on published sources, see Shapiro,
Mao’s War against Nature
, p. 82.
27
Gansu, 17 Aug. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 68.
28
Gansu, 31 Oct. 1962, 91-18-250, p. 82.
29
Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.
30
Guangdong report on forests, 21 Sept. 1962, Hunan, 141-2-163, p. 50.
31
Yu Xiguang,
Dayuejin ku rizi: Shangshuji
(The Great Leap Forward and the years of bitterness: A collection of memorials), Hong Kong: Shidai chaoliu chubanshe, 2005, p. 8; to give a sense of proportion, by some estimates the forest cover stood at 83 million hectares in 1949; see Vaclav Smil,
The Bad Earth: Environmental Degradation in China
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984, p. 23.
32
Beijing, 15 Sept. 1959, 2-11-63, pp. 31–6 and 48–52.
33
One of the earliest descriptions is by Tan Zhenlin in a telephone conference on the summer crop; see Gansu, 26 June 1959, 92-28-513, pp. 14–15.
34
Y. Y. Kueh,
Agricultural Instability in China, 1931–1991
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, examined metereological data and concluded that bad weather did contribute to a reduction in crop production but that similar weather conditions in the past did not have the same effect.
35
Beijing, 7 May 1960, 2-12-25, pp. 3–6.
36
Beijing, 8 Sept. 1962, 96-2-22, pp. 15–18.
37
Hebei, 15 Aug. 1961, 878-1-6, pp. 31–44.
38
Report by Hu Yaobang on 1 Oct. 1961, Hunan, 141-2-138, pp. 186–9.
39
Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10.
40
Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.
41
Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12.
42
Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.
43
Hunan, 13 and 15 May 1961, 146-1-584, pp. 13 and 18.
44
Hunan, 24 April 1961, 146-1-583, p. 108; large reservoirs were defined by Beijing as having a capacity of over 100 million cubic metres, medium ones ranging from 10 to 100 million cubic metres and small ones having less than 10 million cubic metres.
45
Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12.
46
Hunan, 7 Jan. 1962, 207-1-743, pp. 85–105.
47
Hunan, 1 Dec. 1961, 163-1-1109, p. 101.
48
Hubei, 12 Sept. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 39–43.
49
Hubei, 1 Aug. 1959, SZ113-1-209, p. 3.
50
Hubei, 27 March 1961, SZ18-2-201.
51
Hubei, 18 March and 9 June 1961, SZ113-1-26, pp. 1–3 and 12–14.
52
Hubei, 14 April 1962, SZ113-2-213, p. 25.
53
Hunan, 1964, 187-1-1355, p. 64.
54
Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, pp. 105–18.
55
Report by Ministry of Water Conservancy and Hydraulic Electricity, 27 July 1960, Hunan, 141-1-1709, p. 277.
56
Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, p. 117.
57
Yi, ‘World’s Most Catastrophic Dam Failures’, pp. 25–38.
58
Shui, ‘Profile of Dams in China’, p. 23.
59
As reported by the secretary of the south-central region Li Yiqing; Hunan, 11 Aug. 1961, 186-1-584, p. 134.

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