Authors: Burt Neuborne
80
. Reconstruction is the euphemism used to describe the federal government's military occupation and attempted political and social makeover of the defeated Southern states.
81
.
Ex parte McCardle
, 74 U.S. 506 (1868).
82
. A direct line runs from the contested Hayes v. Tilden presidential election of 1876 to the turbulent Bush v. Gore presidential election in 2000. In the wake of the congressional deal making over contested electors that changed the outcome of the 1876 presidential election, Congress enacted “safe harbor” legislation providing that state certification of a slate of winning electors could not be challenged in Congress as long as the state certification was received in Washington by a given date. It was the imminence of the safe-harbor date that caused the Supreme Court in
Bush v. Gore
to cut short the recount of Florida's popular vote, permitting the Florida secretary of state to certify electors pledged to George Bush as the winners. If the recount had continued after the expiration of the safe-harbor date, any electors Florida certified would have been subject to politically driven challenges in the House of Representatives.
83
.
Debs v. United States
, 249 U.S. 211 (1919).
84
. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer is indelibly associated in American history with the notorious postâWorld War I Palmer Raids, aimed at arresting and deporting leftist aliens. The raids were in response to a series of terrorist bombings, one of which damaged Palmer's home.
85
.
Schenck v. United States
, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
86
.
Frohwerk v. United States
, 249 U.S. 204 (1919).
87
.
Abrams v. United States
, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
88
. Recall that that's what President Lincoln did to Clement Vallandingham, only Vallandingham was deported to the Confederate States of America.
89
.
Minersville School District v. Gobitis
, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
90
.
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
91
. Justice Jackson was the last Supreme Court justice who practiced law and served as a federal judge without having graduated from law school. He read for the bar and attended Albany Law School for a year.
92
. 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
93
.
Dennis v. United States
, 341 U.S. 494 ((1951).
94
.
United States v. O'Brien
, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).
95
. Although Justice Douglas apparently accepted the Court's free-speech analysis, he dissented on the grounds that the draft itself raised constitutional problems under the Thirteenth Amendment.
96
.
Buckley v. Valeo
, 424 U.S. 1 (1976).
97
.
Arizona Free Enterprise Clubs' Freedom PAC v. Bennett
, 131 S.Ct. 2806 (2011).
98
.
Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
, 561 U.S. (2010).
99
.
Ex parte Endo
, 323 U.S. 283 (1944).
10. Madison, the Reluctant Poet
1
. The material in this chapter is drawn from Bernard Schwartz,
The Roots of the Bill of Rights
, vol. 5 (New York: Chelsea House, 1980). I will spare you day-to-day footnoting. As James Thurber (and Casey Stengel) says, “You could look it up.”
Abrams, Jacob,
191
Abrams v. United States
,
111
accusation, Fifth Amendment and,
25
    Â
Flynn in,
192â93
Adams, Abigail,
156
Adams, John.
See also
Marbury v. Madison
    Â
Article III and,
207
    Â
censorship by,
6
,
175
,
185
    Â
press and,
6
Adams, John Quincy,
90
affirmative action,
183
Affordable Care Act,
135â36
    Â
Roberts, J., on,
172
African Americans.
See
civil rights demonstrations
;
racial minorities
;
slavery
Alien and Sedition Acts,
31
    Â
Jefferson and,
195
    Â
Marshall, James, and,
185â86
Alito, Samuel,
136â37
    Â
religion and,
145
Amar, Akhil,
225â26
American Communist Party,
112
,
192â93
,
233n24
    Â
Flynn in,
193
    Â
Supreme Court and,
7
,
111
American Political Science Association,
82â83
,
232n7
anti-Semitism,
8
antislavery
    Â
censorship of,
31
,
226n2
    Â
First Amendment and,
31
    Â
newspapers,
6
antitrust laws,
8
appellate jurisdiction, of Supreme Court,
161
,
167
,
169â71
Arab Spring,
32
Areopagitica
(Milton),
125
aristocratic speakers
    Â
First Amendment and,
99â100
,
105
,
116â18
    Â
Free Speech Clause and,
143
    Â
taming,
116â18
Arizona Free Enterprise Club v. Bennett
,
228n7
arrest, Fourth Amendment and,
25
,
26
Article I
    Â
Committee of Eleven and,
213â14
    Â
Congress and,
199
    Â
First Amendment and,
204â5
    Â
House of Representatives and,
204
    Â
religion and,
209â10
Article III
    Â
Adams, John, and,
207
    Â
circuit judges and,
156â57
,
162
,
169â72
    Â
Committee of Eleven and,
214â15
    Â
Supreme Court and,
205â6
Article VI,
199
    Â
federalism and,
205â6
Articles of Confederation,
198
,
202
,
207
aspirations
    Â
First Amendment and,
10â12
,
109â16
    Â
Free Speech Clause and,
109â16
assembly.
See
Free Assembly Clause
association.
See
freedom of association
autonomous choice, First Amendment and,
8
autonomy, privacy and,
78
Bache, Benjamin Franklin,
6
bad tendency doctrine,
234n25
    Â
First Amendment and,
111
Baer, Elizabeth,
189â90
bail, Eighth Amendment and,
27
Baker v. Carr
,
40â42
    Â
“one person, one vote” principle and,
177
Baldwin, Abraham,
207
Baldwin, Roger,
192â93
banks, Commerce Clause and,
177
Barkett, Rosemary,
50
Bayard, James,
154
Benson, Egbert,
207
    Â
on Committee of Style,
221
Bethel School District v. Fraser
,
235n38
Bill of Rights.
See also specific amendments
    Â
Committee of Eleven and,
206â17
    Â
conscience and,
144
    Â
criticism of,
185
    Â
Founders and,
1
    Â
freedom in,
2
    Â
House of Representatives and,
217â22
    Â
judicial review and,
149â50
    Â
Marbury v. Madison
and,
173
    Â
opposition to,
31â32
    Â
order of amendments in,
14â15
,
228
    Â
ratification of,
19
    Â
reluctance to write,
197â223
    Â
Senate and,
222â23
    Â
states and,
30
,
31
,
223
Black, Charles,
225
    Â
Supreme Court and,
58
Bork, Robert,
33
Boudinot, Elias,
207
Boyd v. United States
,
229n24
brainwashing, in public schools,
9
    Â
Abrams v. United States
and,
111
    Â
First Amendment and,
8â9
,
99
    Â
Whitney v. California
and,
111
Brennan, William, Jr.,
6
    Â
on campaign finance,
65â66
    Â
democracy and,
40â42
    Â
draft card burning and,
194
    Â
equality and,
230â31n17
    Â
living constitution of,
29
,
177
    Â
“one person, one vote” principle and,
44
,
74
,
177
Breyer, Steven,
11
    Â
Bush v. Gore
and,
73
    Â
egalitarian democracy and,
29
    Â
on
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission
,
74
    Â
purposivism and,
178
Brooklyn, racial minorities in,
50â51
Brown v. Board of Education
,
179
,
183
Buckley v. Valeo
,
63â68
,
82
,
228n6
,
232n46
,
234n33
    Â
pure speech and,
177
Burger Court,
45
Burke, Aedanus,
207
Burke, Edmund,
219
Burnside, Ambrose,
187
Burr, Aaron,
158
.
See also
Marbury v. Madison
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
,
136â37
Bush, George W.,
171