LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell (29 page)

quota

quota [-u] [
options
]
user
quota -g [
options
]
group

Displays quota limits on
user
or
group
. The
-u
option
is the default. Only the superuser may use the
-u
flag and
user
to
view the limits of other users. Other users can use the
-g
flag and
group
to
view only the limits of groups of which they are members, provided
that the
quota.group
files are readable by
them.

As
root
, examine all quotas for user
jdoe
:

#
quota -uv jdoe
Disk quotas for user jdoe (uid 500):
Filesystem  blks  quota limit grace  files quota limit grace
/dev/sda9   9456  10000 10200           32     0     0
/dev/hda1     23      0     0           17     0     0

This example shows that
jdoe
is barely
within her soft limit of 10,000 blocks, with a corresponding hard
limit of 10,200 blocks on
/dev/sda9
, and has no
quota on
/dev/hda1
. The entry for
/dev/hda1
is displayed in response to the
-v
option. No values are shown for the grace
periods, because the soft limit has not been exceeded.

As user
jdoe
, examine quotas for the
finance
group, of which he is a member:

$
quota -gv finance
Disk quotas for group finance (gid 501):
Filesystem  blks  quota  limit grace  files quota limit grace
/dev/sda9   1000* 990    1000  6days     34  3980  4000
/dev/hda1         0      0     0          0     0     0

Here, the
finance
group has exceeded its
meager soft limit of 990 blocks and has come up against its hard
limit of 1,000 blocks. (The write operation that wrote the 1,000th
block was probably incomplete.) The original grace period in this
example was set to seven days and has six days remaining, meaning
that one day has elapsed since the soft limit was exceeded.

quotaon

quotaon [
options
] [
filesystems
]
quotaon [
options
] -a

Enable previously configured disk quotas on one or
more
filesystems
.

Turn on all quotas as defined in
/etc/fstab
:

#
quotaon -av
/dev/sda9: group quotas turned on
/dev/sda9: user quotas turned on
/dev/hda1: group quotas turned on
/dev/hda1: user quotas turned on

Turn on user quotas only on the
/home
filesystem:

#
quotaon -gv /home
/dev/sda9: group quotas turned on

quotaoff

quotaoff [
options
] [
filesystems
]
quotaoff [
options
] -a

Disables disk quotas on one or more
filesystems
.

Turn off all quotas:

#
quotaoff -av
/dev/sda9: group quotas turned off
/dev/sda9: user quotas turned off
/dev/hda1: group quotas turned off
/dev/hda1: user quotas turned off

quotacheck

quotacheck [
options
]
filesystems
quotacheck [
options
] -a

Examine filesystems and compile quota databases. This
command is not specifically called out in the LPI Objectives for
Exam 101, but is an important component of the Linux quota system.
You should run the
quotacheck -a
command on a
regular basis (perhaps weekly) via
cron
.

Initialize all quota files:

#
quotaoff -a
#
quotacheck -aguv
Scanning /dev/sda9 [/home] done
Checked 237 directories and 714 files
Using quotafile /home/quota.user
Using quotafile /home/quota.group
Scanning /dev/hda1 [/mnt/hd] done
Checked 3534 directories and 72673 files
Using quotafile /mnt/hd/quota.user
Using quotafile /mnt/hd/quota.group
#
quotaon -a

By turning off quotas during the update, the quota database
files are updated.

With quotas active, update the user quotas in memory for
/home
:

#
quotacheck -v /home
Scanning /dev/sda9 [/home] done
Checked 237 directories and 714 files
Using quotafile /home/quota.user
Updating in-core user quotas

edquota

edquota [-p
proto-user
] [
options
]
names
edquota [
options
] -t

Modify user or group quotas. This interactive command
uses a text editor to configure quota parameters for users or
groups. The
vi
editor is used by default unless
either the
EDITOR
or
VISUAL
environment variables are set to
another editor, such as
emacs
. When the command
is issued, the editor is launched with a temporary file containing
quota settings. When the temporary file is saved and the editor is
terminated, the changes are saved in the quota databases.

In the first form, a space-separated list of users or groups
specified in
names
is modified. If
proto-user
is specified with the
-p
option, quotas of that user or group are
copied and used for
names
and no editor
is launched. In the second form with the
-t
option, the soft limit settings are edited interactively for each
filesystem.

Modify the user quotas for
jdoe
:

#
edquota -u jdoe
Quotas for user jdoe:
/dev/sda9: blocks in use: 87, limits (soft = 99900, hard = 100000)
inodes in use: 84, limits (soft = 0, hard = 0)
/dev/hda1: blocks in use: 0, limits (soft = 0, hard = 0)
inodes in use: 0, limits (soft = 0, hard = 0)
~
~
"/tmp/EdP.auHTZJ0" 5 lines, 241 characters

Here,
jdoe
has been allocated a soft
limit of 99,900 blocks (which on a default Linux
ext2
or
ext3
filesystem
with a 4k block size means 390 MB), a hard limit of 100,000 blocks
(only 400 KB higher than the soft limit), and no limit on the number
of files on
/dev/sda9
. She has no limits on
/dev/hda1
.

Modify soft limits for users on all filesystems:

#
edquota -tu
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
/dev/sda9: block grace period: 7 days,
file grace period: 3 days
/dev/hda1: block grace period: 7 days,
file grace period: 3 days
~
~
"/tmp/EdP.aiTShJB" 5 lines, 249 characters

Here, the user grace periods have been set to seven days for
blocks (disk space) and three days for files (inodes).

repquota

repquota [
options
]
filesystems
repquota -a [
options
]

Used to report on the status of quotas. In the first
form,
repquota
displays a summary
report on the quotas for the given
filesystems
on a per-user or per-group
basis. In the second form, the
-a
option causes
a summary for all filesystems with quotas to be displayed. This
command fails for nonroot users unless the quota database files are
world-readable. The current number of files and the amount of space
utilized are printed for each user, along with any quotas created
with
edquota
.

Report user quotas for
/home
:

#
repquota -v /home
*** Report for user quotas on /dev/sda9 (/home)
Block limits     File limits
User         used  soft   hard grace used soft hard grace
root   --  418941     0      0        269    0    0
328    --    1411     0      0         20    0    0
jdean  --    9818 99900 100000        334    0    0
u1     --      44     0      0         43    0    0
u2     --      44     0      0         43    0    0
u3     --     127   155    300        124    0    0
jdoe   --      87 99900 100000         84    0    0
bsmith --      42  1990   2000         41    0    0