Living Low Carb (80 page)

3
. F. Kelly, et al., “Sibutramine: Weight Loss in Depressed Patients,”
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
19, suppl. 2 (1995): 145.

4
. Donna Ryan, “Review Article: Use of Sibutramine to Treat Obesity,”
http://www.MDConsult.com
.

5
. W. Philip T. James, et al., “Effect of Sibutramine on Weight Maintenance After Weight Loss: A Randomised Trial,”
Lancet
356 (December 23, 2000): 2119–2125.

6
. Frederick F. Samaha, et al., “A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity,”
New England Journal of Medicine
348, no. 21 (May 22, 2003): 2074–2081; Gary D. Foster, et al., “A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity,”
New England Journal of Medicine
348, no. 21 (May 22, 2003): 2082–1090.

7
. Walker S. Carlos Poston II and John P. Foreyt, “Review Article: Successful Management of the Obese Patient,”
http://www.MDConsult.com
.

8
. D. H. Ryan, et al., “Sibutramine: A Novel New Agent for Obesity Treatment,”
Obesity Research
3, suppl. 4 (1995): 553S–559S; George A. Bray, et al., “A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sibutramine,”
Obesity Research
4 (1996): 263–270.

9
. Gary Glazer, “Long-Term Pharmacotherapy of Obesity 2000: A Review of Efficacy and Safety,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
161, no. 15 (August 13, 2001): 1814–1824.

10
. Eric Wooltorton, “Obesity Drug Sibutramine (Meridia): Hypertension and Cardiac Arrhythmias,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
166 (May 14, 2002): 10.

11
. Stephan Rössner, et al., “Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Improved Cardiovascular Risk Factors After 2 Years Treatment with Orlistat for Obesity,”
Obesity Research
8 (2000): 49–61.

12
. Lars Sjöström, et al., “Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial of Orlistat for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain in Obese Patients,”
Lancet
352 (1998): 167–172.

13
. Michael H. Davidson, et al., “Weight Control and Risk Factor Reduction in Obese Subjects Treated for 2 Years with Orlistat: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
281, no. 3 (January 20, 1999): 235–242.

14
. Walker S. Carlos Poston II and John P. Foreyt, “Review Article: Successful Management of the Obese Patient,”
http://www.MDConsult.com
.

15
. C. N. Boozer, et al., “Herbal Ephedra/Caffeine for Weight Loss: A 6-Month Randomized Safety and Efficacy Trial,”
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
26, no. 5 (May 2002): 593–604; D. Kalman, et al., “An Acute Clinical Trial Evaluating the Cardiovascular Effects of an Herbal Ephedra-Caffeine Weight Loss Product in Healthy Overweight Adults,”
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
26, no. 10 (October 2002): 1363–1366.

16
. John Hernandez, “Weight Loss Protocols,” lecture at Boulderfest Nutrition Conference, Boulder, Colo., 2002.

17
. The complete list of studies can be found in Dr. Michael Murray’s
Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements
(Rocklin, Calif.: Prima, 1996, p. 318) or in Dr. Murray’s
Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine,
2nd ed. (Rocklin, Calif.: Prima, 1998, p. 690).

18
. Andrea Sparti, et al., “Effect of Diets High or Low in Unavailable and Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates on the Pattern of 24-h Substrate Oxidation and Feelings of Hunger in Humans,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
72, no. 6 (December 2000): 1461–1468.

19
. G. A. Spiller,
Dietary Fiber in Health and Nutrition
(Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).

20
. Manisha Chandalia, et al., “Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,”
New England Journal of Medicine
342, no. 19 (May 11, 2000): 1392–1398.

21
. David S. Ludwig, et al., “Dietary Fiber, Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282 (1999): 1539–1546.

22
. Gregory S. Kelly, “Nutritional and Botanical Interventions to Assist with the Adaptation to Stress,”
Alternative Medicine Review
4, no. 4 (August 1999): 249–265.

23
. Robert Atkins,
The Vita-Nutrient Solution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).

24
. D. P. Rose, et al., “Effect of Oral Contraceptives and Vitamin B6 Deficiency on Carbohydrate Metabolism,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
28 (1975): 872–878.

25
. Maurice Shils, et al.,
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,
9th ed. (Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999).

26
. Ron Rosedale, personal communication with author, August 2003.

27
. Maurice Shils, et al.,
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,
9th ed. (Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999).

28
. Ibid.

29
. D. W. Laight, et al., “Antioxidants, diabetes and endothelial dysfunction,”
Cardiovascular Research
47, no. 3 (2000): 457–464; A. Ceriello, “Oxidative stress and glycemic regulation,”
Metabolism
49, 2 suppl. 1 (February 2000): 27–29; Patrice Faure, et al., “Vitamin E Improves the Free Radical Defense System Potential and Insulin Sensitivity of Rats Fed High Fructose Diets,”
Journal of Nutrition
127, no. 1 (1997): 103–107.

30
. A. A. Rivellese, et al., “Long-Term Effects of Fish Oil on Insulin Resistance and Plasma Lipoproteins in NIDDM Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia,”
Diabetes Care
19, no. 11 (November 1996): 1207–1213.

31
. C. Popp-Snijders, et al., “Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes,”
Diabetes Research
4, no. 3 (March 1987): 141–147; Margaret T. Behme, “Dietary Fish Oil Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Miniature Pigs,”
Journal of Nutrition
126, no. 6 (1996): 1549–1553.

32
. Y. Takahashi, et al., “Dietary Gamma-Linolenic Acid in the Form of Borage Oil Causes Less Body Fat Accumulation Accompanying an Increase in Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA Level in Brown Adipose Tissue,”
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
127, no. 2 (October 2000): 213–222.

33
. K. Vaddadi, et al.,
Journal of Medical Science
7 (1979): 52.

34
. Ron Rosedale, “Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects,” lecture at Boulderfest Nutrition Conference, Boulder, Colo., 1999.

35
. Suzanne Humphries, et al., “Low Dietary Magnesium Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Young, Nondiabetic Black Americans,”
American Journal of Hypertension
12, no. 8 (August 1999): 747–756.

36
. F. Corica, et al., “Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,”
Magnesium Research
7, no. 1 (March 1994): 43–47; J. Lal, et al., “Effect of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on the Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,”
Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
51 (January 2003): 37–42.

37
. S. Jacob, et al., “Oral Administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic Acid Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial,”
Free Radical Biology & Medicine
27 (August 1999): 309–314; J. L. Evans and I. D. Goldfine, “Alpha-Lipoic Acid: A Multifunctional Antioxidant That Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
2, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 401–413.

38
. Burt M. Berkson, “A Conservative Triple Antioxidant Approach to the Treatment of Hepatitis C,”
Medizinische Klinik
94, suppl. 3 (October 15, 1999): 84–89.

39
. V. Crawford, et al., “Effects of Niacin-Bound Chromium Supplementation on Body Composition in Overweight African-American Women,”
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
1, no. 6 (November 1999): 331–337.

40
. Richard A. Anderson, et al., “Elevated Intakes of Supplemental Chromium Improve Glucose and Insulin Variables in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes
46, no. 11 (November 1997): 1786–1791.

41
. Bruce E. Wilson and Anita Gondy, “Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Fasting Insulin Levels and Lipid Parameters in Healthy, Non-Obese Young Subjects,”
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
28, no. 3 (June 1995): 179–184.

42
. Dion D. D. Hepburn, et al., “Nutritional Supplement Chromium Picolinate Causes Sterility and Lethal Mutations in
Drosophila melanogaster,
”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
100, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 3766– 3771; Diane M. Stearns, et al., “Chromium(III) Picolinate Produces Chromosome Damage in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells,”
FASEB Journal
9, no. 15 (December 1995): 1643–1648; Kevin R. Manygoats, et al., “Ultrastructural Damage in Chromium Picolinate-Treated Cells: A TEM Study,”
Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry
7 (September 2002): 791–798.

43
. Richard A. Anderson, et al., “Lack of Toxicity of Chromium Chloride and Chromium Picolinate in Rats,”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
16, no. 3 (June 1997): 273–279; Harry G. Preuss and Richard A. Anderson, “Chromium Update: Examining Recent Literature 1997–1998,”
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1, no. 6 (November 1998): 509–512.

44
. Walter Mertz, “Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review,”
Journal of Nutrition
123, no. 4 (1993): 626–633.

45
. A. Reddi, et al., “Biotin Supplementation Improves Glucose and Insulin Tolerances in Genetically Diabetic KK Mice,”
Life Sciences
42, no. 13 (1998): 1323–1330.

46
. M. Maebashi, et al., “Therapeutic Evaluation of the Effect of Biotin on Hyperglycemia in Patients with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,”
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition
14, no. 3 (1993): 211–218.

47
. J. C. Coggeshall, et al., “Biotin Status and Plasma Glucose in Diabetics,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
447 (1985): 389–392.

48
. M. F. McCarty, “High-Dose Biotin, an Inducer of Glucokinase Expression, May Synergize with Chromium Picolinate to Enable a Definitive Nutritional Therapy for Type II Diabetes,”
Medical Hypotheses
52, no. 5 (May 1999): 401–406.

49
. Stephen Sinatra,
L-Carnitine and the Heart
(New Canaan, Conn.: Keats, 1999); Gregory S. Kelly, “L-Carnitine: Therapeutic Applications of a Conditionally-Essential Amino Acid,”
Alternative Medicine Review
3, no. 5 (1998): 345–360.

50
. Giuseppe Derosa, et al., “The Effect of L-Carnitine on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,”
Clinical Therapeutics
25, no. 5 (May 2003): 1429–1439.

51
. M.T. Abdel-Aziz, et al., “Effect of Carnitine on Blood Lipid Pattern in Diabetic Patients,”
Nutrition Reports International
29, no. 5 (May 1984): 1071–1079.

52
. Gertrude Mingrone, et al., “L-Carnitine Improves Glucose Disposal in Type 2 Diabetic Patients,”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
18, no. 1 (1999): 77–82.

53
. He Zhi-Qian, et al., “Body Weight Reduction in Adolescents by a Combination of Measures Including Using L-Carnitine,”
Acta Nutrimenta Sinica
19, no. 2 (1997): 146–151.

54
. Patrick Quillin,
Healing Nutrients
(New York: Vintage, 1987).

55
. D. M. Müller, et al., “Effects of Oral L-Carnitine Supplementation on In Vivo Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation in Healthy Adults,”
Metabolism
51, no. 11 (November 2002): 1389–91.

56
. S. A. Center, et al., “The Clinical and Metabolic Effects of Rapid Weight Loss in Obese Pet Cats and the Influence of Supplemental Oral L-Carnitine,”
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
14, no. 6 (November–December 2000): 598–608.

57
. K. Q. Owen, et al., “Effect of L-Carnitine and Soybean Oil on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Early-Weaned Pigs,”
Journal of Animal Science
74, no. 7 (1996): 1612–1619.

58
. Diana Schwarzbein, personal communication with author, August 2003.

59
. C.J. Rebouche, “Carnitine,” in
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,
9th ed., by Maurice Shils, et al. (Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999), 505.

60
. L. Van Gall, et al., “Exploratory Study of Coenzyme Q10 in Obesity,” in
Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q10,
4th ed., edited by Folkers and Yamamura (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984), 369–374.

61
. S. Greenberg and W. H. Frishman, “Coenzyme Q10: A New Drug for Cardiovascular Disease,”
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
30 (1990): 596–608.

62
. Shari Lieberman with Nancy Bruning,
The Real Vitamin and Mineral Book
(New York: Avery, 1997).

63
. Joseph R. Cronin, “Green Tea Extract Stokes Thermogenesis: Will It Replace Ephedra?”
Alternative and Complementary Therapies
6, no. 5 (October 2000): 296–300.