Liars and Outliers (54 page)

genetic science is flawed
Anne Innis Dagg (2004),
“Love of Shopping” Is Not a Gene: Problems with Darwinian Psychology
, Black Rose Books.

Douglass North
Douglass C. North (1990),
Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance
, Cambridge University Press, 54.

no money would
David Graeber (2011),
Debt: The First 5,000 Years
, Melville House.

Terrence Deacon
Terrence W. Deacon (1997),
The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Human Brain
, W.W. Norton & Co., 384–401.

far more philandering
Simon C. Griffith, Ian P. Owens, and Katherine A. Thuman (2002), “Extra Pair Paternity in Birds: A Review of Interspecific Variation and Adaptive Function,”
Molecular Ecology
, 11:2195–212. Anna Dubiec (2009), “Avian Infidelity,”
Research in Progress: Behavioral Ecology
, 3:32–4.

There's a balance
Thomas D. Berger and Erik Trinkaus (1995), “Patterns of Trauma Among the Neanderthals,”
Journal of Archaeological Science
, 22:841–52. Daniel S. Adler, Guy Bar-Oz, Anna Belfer-Cohen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef (2006), “Ahead of the Game: Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Hunting Behaviors in the Southern Caucasus,”
Current Anthropology
, 47:89–118. Penny Spikins, Holly Rutherford, and Andy Needham (2010), “From Homininity to Humanity: Compassion from the Earliest Archaic to Modern Humans,”
Time & Mind
, 3:303–25.

preliminary evidence
Carles Lalueza-Fox, Antonio Rosas, Almudena Estalrrich, Elena Gigli, Paula F. Campos, Antonio García-Tabernero, Samuel García-Vargas, Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Oscar Ramírez, Sergi Civit, Markus Bastir, Rosa Huguet, David Santamaría, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Eske Willerslev, and Marco de la Rasilla (2011), “Genetic Evidence for Patrilocal Mating Behavior Among Neanderthal Groups,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, 108:250–3.

military organization
Wei-Xing Zhou, Didier Sornette, Russell A. Hill, and Robin I.M. Dunbar (2005), “Discrete Hierarchical Organization of Social Group Sizes,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
, 272:439–44.

origins of religion
Scott Atran (2004),
In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion
, Oxford. Pascal Boyer (2002),
Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought
, Basic Books. David Sloan Wilson (2003),
Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society
, University of Chicago Press. Lewis Wolpert (2007),
Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief
, Norton.

social controls
Edward Alsworth Ross (1896), “Social Control,”
The American Journal of Sociology
, 1:513–35.

not using that term
Mathieu Deflem (2007), “The Concept of Social Control: Theories and Applications,” paper presented at the International Conference on Charities as Instruments of Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Université de Haute Bretagne (Rennes 2), Rennes, France, November 22–23.

not growing
Zeynep Tufekci (2008), “Grooming, Gossip, Facebook and Myspace,”
Information, Communication & Society
, 11:544–64. Bruno Goncalves, Nicola Perra, and Alessandro Vespignani (2011), “Validation of Dunbar's Number in Twitter Conversations,”
PLoS ONE,
6:e22656.
The Economist
(26 Feb 2009), “Primates on Facebook: Even Online, the Neocortex Is the Limit.”

certain brain regions
Ryota Kanai, Bahador Bahrami, Rebecca Roylance, and Geraint Rees (2011), “Online Social Network Size Is Reflected in Human Brain Structure,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
, published online before print.

Chapter 5

Prisoner's Dilemma
Merrill M. Flood (1952), “Some Experimental Games,” Research Memorandum RM 789–1, The RAND Corporation. Republished as: Merrill M. Flood (1958), “Some Experimental Games,”
Management Science
, 5:5–26. Albert W. Tucker (1980), “A Two-Person Dilemma,”
UMAP Journal
, 1:101–3. Albert W. Tucker (1983), “The Mathematics of Tucker: A Sampler,”
The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal
, 14:228–32.

Many researchers
Sylvia Nasar (2001),
A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash
, Simon & Schuster. John Nash (2008), “The Agencies Method for Modeling Coalitions & Cooperations in Games,”
International Game Theory Review
, 10:539–64. Robert Axelrod and William D. Hamilton (1981), “The Evolution of Cooperation,”
Science
, 211:1390–6. Robert Axelrod (1984),
The Evolution of Cooperation,
Basic Books.

open grazing pasture
Garrett Hardin (1968), “The Tragedy of the Commons,”
Science
, 162:1243–8.

Chapter 6

predictably irrational
Dan Ariely (2008),
Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape our Decisions
, Harper Perennial.

Cuban Missile Crisis
Steven J. Brams (24 Jan 2001), “Game Theory and the Cuban Missile Crisis,”
Plus Magazine
.

worst in people
Morton Deutsch and Robert M. Krauss (1960), “The Effect of Threat upon Interpersonal Bargaining,”
Journal of Abnormal & Normal Social Psychology
, 61:181–9.

better model
Rolf Kümmerli, Caroline Colliard, Nicolas Fiechter, Blaise Petitpierre, Flavien Russier, and Laurent Keller (2007), “Human Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: Comparing the Snowdrift Game with the Prisoner's Dilemma,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
, 274:2965–70.

Prospect Theory
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,”
Econometrica
, 47:263–92.

systems of regulation
Susan Jane Buck Cox (1985), “No Tragedy on the Commons,”
Environmental Ethics
, 7:49–62.

superrationality
Douglas Hofstadter (1985),
Metamagical Themas
, Bantam Dell Publishing Group.

collectively rational
Anatol Rapoport, ed. (1974),
Game Theory as a Theory of Conflict Resolution
, Reidel Publishing Co.

four different modalities
Lawrence Lessig (1998), “The New Chicago School,”
The Journal of Legal Studies
, 27:661–91. Lawrence Lessig (2000),
Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
, Basic Books.

three basic flavors
Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (2006),
Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything
, Morrow, 17.

Chapter 7

the same analysis
Ilya Somin (2006), “Knowledge about Ignorance: New Directions in the Study of Political Information,”
Critical Review,
18:255–78.

related to other
James H. Fowler (2006), “Altruism and Turnout,”
Journal of Politics,
68:674–83. James H. Fowler and Cindy D. Kam (2007), “Beyond the Self: Altruism, Social Identity, and Political Participation,”
Journal of Politics,
69:811–25. James H. Fowler and Christopher T. Dawes (2008), “Two Genes Predict Voter Turnout,”
Journal of Politics,
70:579–94.

not distinguishing
Mark Johnson (1993),
Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics
, University of Chicago Press.

National Voter Turnout
Demos (2009), “Demos Fact Sheet: Election Day Registration.”

significant difference
Stephen Anderson (2009), “The Golden Rule: Not So Golden Anymore,”
Philosophy Now,
74:26–9.

Chácobo of Bolivia
Gilbert R. Prost (1983) “Chácobo: Society of Equality,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida; quoted in Michael Gurven (2004), “To Give and to Give Not: The Behavioral Ecology of Human Food Transfers,”
Behavioral & Brain Sciences,
27:543–59.

Maori of New Zealand
Raymond Firth (1926), “Proverbs in Native Life, with Special Reference to Those of the Maori,”
Folklore
, 37:134–53.

Yeyi of Botswana
Alistair J. Sutherland (1981), “Local Level Dispute Processes in Botswana: The Yeyi Moot Encapsulated,”
Journal of African Law,
25:94–114.

believe in free will
Kathleen D. Vohs and Jonathan W. Schooler (2008), “The Value of Believing in Free Will: Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating,”
Psychological Science,
19:49–54

believe in predestination
Tyler F. Stillman, Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs, Nathaniel M. Lambert, Frank D. Fincham, and Lauren E. Brewer (2010), “Personal Philosophy and Personnel Achievement: Belief in Free Will Predicts Better Job Performance,”
Social Psychological & Personality Science
, 1:43–50.

concept of free will
Shaun Nichols (2011), “Experimental Philosophy and the Problem of Free Will,”
Science,
331:1401–3.

Inbreeding is likely
M. Menotti-Raymond and S.J. O'Brien (1993), “Dating the Genetic Bottleneck of the African Cheetah,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
90:3172–6. William Amos and John Harwood (1998), “Factors Affecting Levels of Genetic Diversity in Natural Populations,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,
353:177–86. Mary Jane McKay (11 Feb 2009), “Genetic Disorders Hit Amish Hard,”
CBS News
.

isolated from modern
Joseph Henrich (2000), “Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon,”
American Economic Review,
90:973–9.

wash their hands
John M. Lynn (2000), “Method and Apparatus for Helping to Ensure the Washing of Hands,” U.S. Patent #6,031,461. John M. Lynn (2000), “Method and Apparatus for Helping to Ensure the Washing of Hands,” U.S. Patent #6,147,607. Fiona A. Lynn and John M. Lynn (2001), “Method and Apparatus for Helping to Ensure the Washing of Hands,” U.S. Patent #6,211,788.

broken windows theory
James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling (Mar 1982), “Broken Windows,”
Atlantic Monthly,
127:29–38. George L. Kelling (17 Jul 2009), “How New York Became Safe: The Full Story,”
City Journal.

Researchers compared
Khaled Taqi-Eddin and Dan Macallair (1999), “Shattering Broken Windows: An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies,” Justice Policy Institute. Randall G. Shelden (2003), “Assessing ‘Broken Windows': A Brief Critique,” Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice. Bernard E. Harcourt and Jens Ludwig (2006), “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment,”
University of Chicago Law Review,
73:271–320.

evidence that it does
Kees Keizer, Siegwart Lindenberg, and Linda Steg (2008), “The Spreading of Disorder,”
Science,
322:1681–5.

Steven Levitt
Steven D. Levitt (2004), “Understanding Why Crime Fell in 1990's: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
18:163–90.

reduced their energy
Ian Ayres, Sophie Raseman, and Alice Shih (2009), “Evidence from Two Large Field Experiments That Peer Comparison Feedback Can Reduce Residential Energy Usage,” NBER Working Paper 15386, National Bureau of Economic Research.

this system backfires
Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn (2010), “Energy Conservation ‘Nudges’ and Environmentalist Ideology: Evidence from a Randomized Residential Electricity Field Experiment,” NBER Working Paper No. 15939, National Bureau of Economic Research.

people are swayed
Matt Davis (2011), “Behavior and Energy Savings: Evidence from a Series of Experimental Interventions,” Environmental Defense Fund.

In Rwanda
Heather B. Hamilton (2000), “Rwanda's Women: The Key to Reconstruction,”
Journal of Humanitarian Assistance
.

cash box was made
Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt (6 Jun 2004), “What the Bagel Man Saw: An Accidental Glimpse at Human Nature,”
New York Times Magazine,
62–5.

a host of unknowns
Steven D. Levitt (2006) “White-Collar Crime Writ Small: A Case Study of Bagels, Donuts, and the Honor System,”
The American Economic Review,
96:290–4.

Chapter 8

People who defect
James E. Alcock and Diana Mansell (1977), “Predisposition and Behaviour in a Collective Dilemma,”
Journal of Conflict Resolution,
21:443–57.

better at predicting
Robert H. Frank (1988),
Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions
, W.W. Norton & Co., 137–43.

better at recognizing
Harold H. Kelly and Anthony J. Stahelski (1970), “Errors in Perception of Intentions in a Mixed-Motive Game,”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
6:279–400.

Robert Axelrod
Robert Axelrod (1984),
The Evolution of Cooperation,
Basic Books.