Lafayette (85 page)

26.
Whitlock, II:247.

27.
Ibid., 248.

28.
Whitlock, II:273. [The title “Old Hundred” refers to Psalm
C
(Psalm 100)—
All people that on earth do dwell
—in the “old” Anglo-German Psalter, which was replaced by a newer version of the Psalter in 1696. The hymn’s melody, which is also used for the doxology and other hymns in Protestant churches, was composed by Loys Bourgeois and first appeared in the German Psalter of 1551. “Old Hundred” was one of the most popular hymns in American churches, and, as with “Yankee Doodle,” new verses were often written and sung to its melody on special occasions, as in the verse cited by Whitworth for the Bunker Hill ceremonies. W. H. Havergal,
History of the Old Hundredth Psalm Tune
(New York, 1854); Stanley Sadie, ed.,
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
(London: Macmillan, 1980), 13:529.].

29.
Ibid., II:174.

30.
Mémoires
, II:390.

31.
Whitlock, II:282.

32.
Ibid., 283.

33.
Ibid., II:393–394.

34.
Whitlock, II:287.

1.
Mémoires
, II:403.

2.
Morgan, 437.

3.
Taillemite, 483.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Whitlock, II:317.

6.
Mémoires
, II:456.

7.
Odilon Barrot, cited in Whitlock, II:327.

8.
Whitlock, II:330.

9.
Charavay, 473.

10.
Whitlock, II:333.

11.
Ibid., 335.

12.
Mémoires
, II:463.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Charavay, 477.

16.
Chateaubriand, cited in Charavay, 474.

17.
The House of Bourbon originated with Adhémar, who became baron of Bourbon (now Bourbon-Archambault), in the central-French province of Bourbonnais, about fifty miles north of Vichy. The first Bourbon king was Henry IV of Navarre, whose grandson was Louis XIV. It was Louis XIV’s younger brother, Philippe I, the duc d’Orléans, who founded the collateral branch of the Bourbons known as the House of Orléans. Louis-Philippe I was his great-grandson.

18.
Letter from the king to L, August 29, 1830,
Mémoires
, II:469.

19.
Whitlock, II:343.

20.
Ibid., 346.

21.
Louis-Philippe’s choice of name for the place was actually the second time it had carried the name place de la Concorde. In 1795, the Directory gave it that name after it ordered the guillotine removed, but it retained its old name, the place de la Révolution, in everyday parlance until 1830.

22.
Charavay, 495.

23.
Whitlock, II:351–352.

24.
Letter to the king from L, December 25, 1830,
Mémoires
, II:492.

25.
Histoire et Mémoires par le Général comte de Ségur
, VII:372, cited in Charavay, 486–487.

26.
Whitlock, II:381.

27.
Charavay, 498–500.

28.
Maurois, 464.

29.
Already recognized by Americans as their nation’s foremost writer, Cooper (and his literary works) gained such world renown that, in 1826, he traveled to Europe with
his family and remained seven years. After spending two years in Paris, he moved to Switzerland and then Italy, returning to France only after the Revolution of 1830 had ended. Outspoken in defending American democracy against European critics, he quite naturally became fast friends with Lafayette during his stays in Paris, and they began a warm correspondence after Cooper returned to the United States.

30.
Mémoires
, II:586.

31.
L to Monsieur Fenimore Cooper, Paris, April 14, 1834,
Mémoires
, II:587.

32.
Cloquet, 294.

33.
Ibid., 295.

34.
Mémoires
, II:589, written by George-Washington Lafayette.

35.
Andrew Jackson defeated Adams in the latter’s bid for reelection in 1828. Adams won election to the House of Representatives, however, in 1830 and was serving his ninth consecutive term when he died in office, in 1848. His brilliant speeches in the House earned him the sobriquet “Old Man Eloquent.”

36.
John Quincy Adams,
Oration on the Life of Lafayette
, 82 (Published by an Act of Congress, December, 1834).

37.
Charavay, 513.

38.
From the
National
, May 21, 1834, cited in Whitlock, II:412.

39.
From the
National
, May 23, 1834, cited in Charavay, 516.

40.
Ibid., 516–517.

41.
Charles E. Stanton (1859–1933), July 4, 1917, in
Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations
, 580:16. Although the quotation is often attributed to Pershing himself, he set the record straight in his Pulitzer Prize–winning autobiography,
My Experiences in the World War
(1931), denying ever having said “anything so splendid.” The American flag continues to fly above Lafayette’s grave and is replaced with a new one every year on July 4 by the American ambassador to France and the highest ranking American officer in France.

1.
Donnet, 100.

2.
Dunn, 19.

[Author’s note:
Lafayette’s remarkable life story attracted some of the most renowned nineteenth-century intellects, whose credentials, in my opinion, deserve recognition. I have therefore added short biographical information about some of the most illustrious authors whose works served as primary sources for this book.]

Etienne Charavay,
Le Général La Fayette, 1757–1834, Notice Biographique
(Paris: Société de la Révolution Francaise, 1898). [
An important French archivist at the end of the nineteenth century, Charavay’s is universally acknowledged as the definitive, broad-based biography of Lafayette.]

Jules Cloquet,
Souvenirs sur la Vie Privée du Général Lafayette
(Paris: A. Et W. Galignani et Cie., 1836). [
Cloquet was Lafayette’s personal physician in the last years of his life.]

Edward S. Corwin,
French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1916, reprinted, 1969).

Beatrix Cary Davenport, ed.,
A Diary of the French Revolution By Gouverneur Morris (1752–1816), Minister to France during the Terror
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939, 2 vols.).

Henri Doniol,
Histoire de la Participation de la France à l’Etablissement des Etats-Unis d’Amérique
(Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1886, 5 vols., quarto). [
Doniol (1818–1906) was born in the Auvergne, not far from Lafayette’s birthplace, and became a renowned lawyer and, subsequently, the prefect, or chief executive officer, of various departments in central France, before changing careers to become a historian and a prolific author of historical works and works of political science. In 1882, he was named head of the French National Printing Bureau, and the National Assembly commissioned him to collate the thousands of documents in the archives of the Foreign Ministry relating to French Government participation in the American Revolutionary War. His is the definitive exposition of French government policy and the motivation for that policy during the last half of the eighteenth century.]

William A. Duer, ed.,
Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, Published by his Family
(New York: Saunders and Otley Ann Street and Conduit Street
London, 1837. [
Duer (1780–1858) was a renowned New York City jurist and educator who oversaw New York public schools before becoming a state supreme court justice in 1822. In 1824, he became president of Columbia College, and, when illness forced his retirement in 1847, he turned to writing biographies of the patriots he had known as a boy when his father (William Duer, 1747–1799) was a member of the Continental Congress. In addition to translating the Lafayette
Mémoires,
Duer wrote an original biography of Continental army general William Alexander, Earl of Stirling.]

John C. Fitzpatrick,
The Writings of George Washington
(Washington, 1931–1944, 39 vols.). [
Commissioned by Congress.]

Louis Gottschalk,
Lafayette Comes to America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935).

————,
Lafayette Joins the American Army
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937).

————,
Lafayette and the Close of the American Revolution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942).

————,
Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789
) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950).

Louis Gottschalk and Margaret Maddox,
Lafayette in the French Revolution
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).

Stanley J. Idzerda, ed.,
Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution, Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790
(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977–1983, 5 vols.).

Lafayette, Hero of Two Worlds: The Art and Pageantry of His Farewell Tour of America, 1824–1825
, Essays by Stanley J. Idzerda, Anne C. Loveland, and Marc H. Miller (Flushing, New York: The Queens Museum, 1989).

George-Washington Lafayette [
Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette], Mémoires, Correspondence et Manuscrits du Général Lafayette, publiés par sa famille
, Paris: H. Fournier, ainé, 6 vols., 1837; Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, Etc., Hauman, Cattoir et Compagnie, 2 vols., 1837.

Mme. de Lasteyrie,
Vie de Madame de Lafayette par Mme. de Lasteyrie, sa Fille, précédée d’une Notice sur sa Mère Mme. la Duchesse d’Ayen
, 1737–1807 (Paris: Léon Techener Fils, 1868).

Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1951).

André Maurois,
Adrienne, The Life of the Marquise de La Fayette
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961). [
Best known outside France for his romantic novels, Maurois (1885–1967) was a prolific biographer—of Disraeli, Shelley, Victor Hugo, Proust, and Balzac, in addition to Adrienne de Lafayette.]

Gouverneur Morris,
A Diary of the French Revolution By Gouverneur Morris (1752–1816), Minister to France during the Terror
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939, Beatrix Cary Davenport, ed., 2 vols.).

Paul, Pialoux,
Lafayette: Trois Révolutions pour la Liberté
(Brioude: Editions Watel, 1989).

Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson: A Biography
(New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951, 2 vols.).

Page Smith,
John Adams
(New York: Doubleday, 1962, 2 vols.).

Jared Sparks,
The Life of Washington
(Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1843), 256. [Sparks completed this work, and it was first printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1839, five years after Lafayette’s death, by Metcalf, Keith, and Nichols, Printers to the University].

————,
The Writings of George Washington
, 12 vols. (Boston, Tappan and Dennet, 1834– 1837). [
Jared Sparks (1789–1866) was a renowned American educator, author, historian, and theologian, whose historical works ranked with the poetry of Longfellow, the essays of Emerson, and novels of Alcott among the most influential, early-nineteenth-century American literary works. A graduate of Harvard, with a B.A. and an M.A., he became president of the college in 1849. In addition to his works on Washington, his many significant historical works include
The Works of Benjamin Franklin
and
The Library of American Biography (25 vols.)
]
.

Etienne Taillemite,
La Fayette
(Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1989).

Charlemagne Tower, Jr., LL.D,
The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution, with some account of the Attitude of France toward the War of Independence
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1895, 2 vols.). [
A Harvard graduate, Tower (1848–1923) was the son of an industrial magnate with extensive interest in the Minnesota iron ore fields. After receiving a law degree, he practiced law in Philadelphia before becoming president of Minnesota Iron Company. The family sold their business interests in 1887, and Tower became vice president and trustee of the University of Pennsylvania and wrote what historians agree is the definitive study of Lafayette in the American Revolution. When McKinley became president, Tower’s wealth, erudition, and conservative political views made him a logical candidate for the diplomatic corps, which sent him to Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Berlin during a twelve-year career that ended in 1912.]

Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard, Alfred Fierro,
Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution Française, 1789–1799
(Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, S.A., 1987, 1998).