Katherine Howard: A New History (32 page)

7) Patronage and Power

1. 1.Denny,
   Katherine Howard
   , p. 160.
   
2. 2.
   LP
   VI 351.
   
3. 3.R.A.B. Mynors and D.F.S Thomson (trans.),
   Correspondence of Erasmus
   , II, pp. 147-48.
   
4. 4.Suzannah Lipscomb, 1536:
   The Year that Changed Henry VIII
   , especially Chapter 18.
   
5. 5.
   LP, XV,
   954.
   
6. 6.Lipscomb, 1536, p. 200.
   
7. 7.Retha Warnicke, ‘Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England’,
   History Compass 4
   (2006), 209
   
8. 8.Ann Weikel, ‘Mary I (1516-1558),
   queen of England and Ireland
   ’,
   Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
   (2004).
   
9. 9.See, for example, John Edwards,
   Mary I: England’s Catholic Queen
   (Yale, 2011).
   
10. 10.
    LP
    XVI 314.
    
11. 11.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 141.
    
12. 12.Edwards,
    Mary I,
    p. 62.
    
13. 13.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 76.
    
14. 14.CSP Span., VI-i, 305-6.
    
15. 15.
    LP
    XVI 835.
    
16. 16.Ibid, 1389.
    
17. 17.Ibid.
    
18. 18.Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , p. 660.
    
19. 19.
    LP
    XVI 835.
    
20. 20.
    SC
    6/HEN VIII/6332; 6365; 6397.
    
21. 21.Ibid, 804.
    
22. 22.
    LP
    XV 21.
    
23. 23.Ibid,
    XVI
    , 316.
    
24. 24.Ibid, 379 (38); 947 (10).
    
25. 25.Richard Jones,
    The Byrth of Mankynde, Newly Translated Out of Laten Unto Englysshe
    (London, 1540).
    
26. 26.CSP Span., VI-i, 305-6.
    
27. 27.Honeycutt, ‘Medieval Queenship’.
    
28. 28.
    LP
    XVI 581.
    
29. 29.Ibid, 660, 678, 1391 (18).
    
30. 30.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , I, p124
    
31. 31.
    LP, VI,
    613.
    
32. 32.Harris, ‘Women and Politics’, 260.
    
33. 33.
    LP
    XV 21.
    
34. 34.Harris, ‘View from My Lady’s Chamber’, 237-8.
    
35. 35.
    LP
    XVI 1389.
    
36. 36.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 146.
    
37. 37.Harris, ‘View from My Lady’s Chamber’, 243.
    
38. 38.
    LP XVI
    379 (18).
    
39. 39.Ibid, 1416 (2).
    
40. 40.Ibid, 1339; NA, S.P. I, 167, f. 157.
    
41. 41.Ibid, f. 161.
    
42. 42.Goldberg, ‘Girls Growing Up in Later Medieval England’.
    
43. 43.
    LP
    XVI 589.
    
44. 44.Ibid, 1328.
    
45. 45.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 124.
    
46. 46.Ibid, 712.
    
47. 47.Ibid, 1332.
    
48. 48.See chapter 3.
    
49. 49.Kathleen Coyne Kelly,
    Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages
    (Routledge, 2002), p. ix.
    
50. 50.
    CSP Span
    , V-I, 328.
    

8) ‘Yours as Long as Life Endures’

1. 1.See, for example, Baldwin Smith,
   A Tudor Tragedy
   , and Fraser,
   Six Wives
   .
   
2. 2.See Starkey,
   Six Wives
   .
   
3. 3.See Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’ in
   Wicked Women.
   
4. 4.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England’,
   History Compass
   4 (2006), 203-227.
   
5. 5.Anne Laurence,
   Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History
   (Phoenix, 1994), p. 61.
   
6. 6.Warnicke,
   Wicked Women
   , pp. 68-76.
   
7. 7.
   LP
   XVI 712.
   
8. 8.Ibid, 1339; PRO, SP 1/167, fo. 157.
   
9. 9.
   Bath Manuscripts
   , pp. 8-10.
   
10. 10.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘The Fall of Anne Boleyn Revisited’,
    English Historical Review
    108 (1993), 658.
    
11. 11.Patricia Ellen Thompson,
    Decline and Fall of courtly love
    (Kansas, 1964), pp. 4-5.
    
12. 12.‘The Conventions of Courtly Love’, accessed at http://www.research.uvu.edu/mcdonald/britquestions/courtlylove.html.
    
13. 13.‘Medieval View of Love: Courtly Love’, accessed at http://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/love.html.
    
14. 14.Kathleen Forni, ‘Literature of Courtly Love: Introduction’ (2005), accessed at http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/forcrtlvint.htm.
    
15. 15.Elizabeth Heale, ‘Women and the Courtly Love Lyric: the Devonshire MS (BL Additional 17492)’,
    Modern Language Review
    90 (1995), 298.
    
16. 16.
    Book of the Courtier
    , p. 191.
    
17. 17.Heale, ‘Women’, 300.
    
18. 18.Ibid, 296-315.
    
19. 19.Johanna Rickman,
    Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility
    (Ashgate, 2008), p. 29.
    
20. 20.Harris, ‘Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England’, 66.
    
21. 21.Martin A. S. Hume (trans., London, 1889),
    Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England: Being a Contemporary Record of Some of the Principal Events of the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI
    .
    
22. 22.Eric W. Ives, ‘Faction at the Court of Henry VIII: The Fall of Anne Boleyn’,
    Journal of the Historical Association
    57 (1972), 170.
    
23. 23.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , pp. 74-5.
    
24. 24.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 3.
    
25. 25.Ibid, p. 4.
    
26. 26.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 82.
    
27. 27.Ibid.
    
28. 28.
    LP
    XVI 941; 1011.
    
29. 29.Ibid, 1338.
    
30. 30.Wheeler,
    Court intrigue
    , p.
    
31. 31.NA, S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 14.
    
32. 32.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 69.
    
33. 33.Linda Pollock, ‘Anger and the Negotiation of Relationships in Early Modern England’,
    Historical Journal
    47 (2004), 571.
    
34. 34.Fay Bound, ‘Writing the Self? Love and Letter in England, c. 1660-c.1760’,
    Literature and History
    11 (2002), 1-19. See also James Daybell,
    The Material Letter in Early Modern England: Manuscript Letters and the Culture and Practices of Letter-Writing, 1512-1635
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
    
35. 35.Susan M. Fitzmaurice,
    The Familiar Letter in Early Modern English: A Pragmatic Approach
    (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002), pp. 1-2.
    
36. 36.Katherine Kong,
    Lettering the Self in Medieval and Early Modern France
    (Boydell & Brewer, 2010), p. 235.
    
37. 37.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 70.
    
38. 38.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 82.
    
39. 39.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 70.
    
40. 40.Kong,
    Lettering the Self
    , p. 235.
    
41. 41.James Daybell,
    Women Letter-Writers in Tudor England
    (Oxford, 2006), p. 46.
    
42. 42.Julia Fox,
    Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford
    (2007), p. 361.
    
43. 43.For instance, Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , p. 675.
    
44. 44.Baldwin Smith,
    Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 156. But as Fox (p. 362) notes, there is no evidence to suggest that Jane’s behaviour was ‘unbalanced’ until she was housed in the Tower in early 1542. See also Elizabeth Norton,
    The Boleyn Women: the Tudor Femme Fatales who Changed English History
    (Amberley, 2013).
    
45. 45.Fox,
    Jane Boleyn.
    Retha M. Warnicke,
    The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII
    (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 216-17; 302; also recognises that Lady Rochford’s association with Anne Boleyn’s downfall was much more minimal than it has usually been assumed to be.
    
46. 46.Helen E. Maurer,
    Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England
    (The Boydell Press, 2003), p. 88.
    
47. 47.
    LP
    XVI 1339.
    
48. 48.Ibid, 1336.
    
49. 49.Baldwin Smith,
    Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 146, comments that ‘if the testimony purporting to prove the Queen’s carnal desires and activities demonstrates anything, it indicates that imagination largely supplemented memory and that almost everyone concerned lied like a trooper’. Despite this, he accepts Katherine’s guilt and validates the claim that she engaged in adultery with Culpeper, assisted by the ‘insane’ Lady Rochford.
    
50. 50.
    LP
    XVI 1339.
    
51. 51.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil
    , pp. 138, 188.
    
52. 52.Warnicke, ‘Fall of Anne Boleyn’, 658.
    
53. 53.Heale, ‘Women and the Courtly Love Lyric’, 298.
    
54. 54.Fox,
    Jane Boleyn
    , p. 364.
    
55. 55.
    Bath Manuscripts
    , p. 9; NA SP 1/167, ff. 149, 160.
    
56. 56.
    LP
    XVI 1339.
    
57. 57.NA SP 1/167 f. 153.
    
58. 58.
    Bath Manuscripts
    , pp. 9-10.
    
59. 59.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , pp. 82-4.
    
60. 60.
    Bath Manuscripts
    , p. 9; NA SP 1/167, f. 158.
    
61. 61.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 842.
    
62. 62.
    LP
    X 1134/4; XVI, 678 (13), XVI 1339; NA SP 1/167 f. 158-9.
    
63. 63.NA SP 1/167, f. 160.
    
64. 64.NA SP 1/167, f. 158-9.
    
65. 65.
    Bath Manuscripts
    , pp. 8-10.
    
66. 66.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 842.
    
67. 67.
    LP X
    VI 1208
    

9) Downfall and Death

1. 1.
   LP
   XVI 1297.
   
2. 2.Ibid, 1334.
   
3. 3.NA SP 1/163 fol. 46
   r.
   
4. 4.
   LP
   XVI 1320.
   
5. 5.Ibid; NA SP 1/167 f. 129.
   
6. 6.Ibid; fs. 138-138v.
   
7. 7.Wheeler,
   Men of Power
   .
   
8. 8.Alec Ryrie, ‘John Lassells [Lascelles] (d. 1546), courtier and religious activist’
   
9. 9.NA PRO, SP 1/163, fol. 46r.
   
10. 10.
    LP
    XVI 1339.
    
11. 11.Walker, ‘Rereading Rape’, 4-6.
    
12. 12.Barstow,
    Witchcraze
    , p. 138.
    
13. 13.
    LP
    XVI 1332.
    
14. 14.Ibid, 1325.
    
15. 15.Ibid, 1334.
    
16. 16.
    Manuscripts
    , pp. 8-9.
    
17. 17.
    LP
    XVI 1328.
    
18. 18.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , pp. 171-2.
    
19. 19.
    LP
    XVI 1331.
    
20. 20.Ibid, 1332.
    
21. 21.Heijden, ‘Women as Victims’, 625.
    
22. 22.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil
    , pp. 136, 188.
    
23. 23.Elizabeth Foyster,
    Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex, and Marriage
    (London, 1999), p. 60.
    
24. 24.Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 377-98.
    
25. 25.
    LP
    XVI 1334.
    
26. 26.Ibid, 1426.
    
27. 27.Ibid, 1339.
    
28. 28.Ibid, 1337, 1338.
    
29. 29.Lacey Baldwin Smith, ‘English Treason Trials and Confessions in the Sixteenth Century’,
    Journal of the History of Ideas
    15 (1954), 478.
    
30. 30.
    LP
    XVI 1457, 1454.
    
31. 31.Alec Ryrie, ‘John Lassells [Lascelles] (d. 1546),
    courtier and religious activist’
    ,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    (2004-13).
    
32. 32.Gowing, ‘Women, Status and Dishonour’, 234.
    
33. 33.Fletcher, ‘Men’s Dilemma’, 67.
    
34. 34.
    LP
    XVI 1395.
    
35. 35.Ibid, 1401.
    
36. 36.Harris, ‘Women and Politics’, 276; Harris, ‘My Lady’s Chamber’, 243.
    
37. 37.
    LP
    XVI 1394.
    
38. 38.Ibid, 1400.
    
39. 39.
    St. Papers
    I ii 180, pp. 722-3.
    
40. 40.
    LP
    XVI 1469.
    
41. 41.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 175.
    
42. 42.
    LP
    XVI 1403.
    
43. 43.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , pp. 177-8.
    
44. 44.
    LP
    XV 1471.
    
45. 45.Ibid, XVI 1426.
    
46. 46.Van der Heijden, ‘Women as Victims’, 624-5.
    
47. 47.
    LP
    XVI 578.
    
48. 48.Cited by Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , p. 242;
    LP
    XVI 1470.
    
49. 49.Fox,
    Jane Boleyn
    , p. 363.
    
50. 50.
    LP
    XVII 415; 568; 1258; XVIII, i, 415.
    
51. 51.Ibid
    XVI
    1426.
    
52. 52.
    LP
    XVII 28 (21).
    
53. 53.
    Lords’ Journal
    I, p. 171.
    
54. 54.Cited by A. Weir,
    Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley
    (London, 2003), p. 447.
    
55. 55.Strickland,
    Memoirs
    , p. 325.
    
56. 56.
    Cal. S.P Spanish
    VI, i, 228.
    
57. 57.See Fox,
    Jane Boleyn.
    
58. 58.Frances E. Dolan, ‘“Gentlemen, I Have One Thing More to Say”: Women on Scaffolds in England, 1563-1680’,
    Modern Philology
    92 (1994), 164, makes the point that beheading was the method of execution reserved for aristocrats and queens in this era because it was quick and dignified.
    
59. 59.Cited by Strickland,
    Memoirs
    , p. 325.
    
60. 60.Ibid.
    
61. 61.Speed, 1030; Carte; Burnet.
    
62. 62.
    Cal. S.P. Spanish,
    VI, i, 232.
    
63. 63.
    LP
    XVII 124.
    
64. 64.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 843.
    
65. 65.Ellis (ed.),
    Original Letters
    II, pp. 128-9.
    
66. 66.
    LP
    XVII 100.
    
67. 67.Doyne Bell,
    Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Tower of London
    (London, 1877).
    
68. 68.See my article, ‘The Misconceptions of Katherine Howard’, available online at my blog.
    
69. 69.William Tooke (ed.), John Weever,
    Antient funeral monuments, of Great Britain, Ireland, and the islands adjacent
    (London, 1767), p. 286.
    

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