Junk DNA: A Journey Through the Dark Matter of the Genome (52 page)

glycine
246
,
247

GU sequences
244

haemoglobin, production
115
,
172
,
176

haemophilia B
90

Hawking, Stephen
235

heart attacks
262

heart disease, obesity and
61

heart protein
231
–
2

height
184

Hemingway, Ernest
203
–
4

hepatitis C virus
269
,
331

HHV-8 virus
244
–
5
,
331

histidine
245

histone proteins
69
–
70
,
73

modifications
113
–
20

HIV
41
,
244
,
279

holoprosencephaly
204
–
7
,
331

horses
268

HOX genes
41
,
106
,
175

human cartilage-hair hypoplasia
257
–
8
,
330

human genome

number of genes
28
–
9

percentage having function
186
–
7

potential versus actual functional regions
191
–
4

size
29
–
32

Human GenomeProject
12
,
26

human genome sequence cost of sequencing
27

initial draft
25

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
41
,
244
,
279

human telomere syndromes
55

Huntington’s disease
212
,
213

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria
245
–
6
,
331

hydatidiform mole
126
–
8

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
56
,
331

IFITM5 gene
223

Ig genes
175

immune system
115
,
172
–
3
,
257
–
8
,
269
,
285

immunologically privileged sites
285

imprinting
128
–
30

disorders
136
–
41
,
142
–
3

resetting the imprint
133
–
6

imprinting control element (ICE)
130
–
5
,
139
–
40

induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
164

infection, risk in elderly
54

infertility treatment
141
–
3

inflammatory response
160

insulation theory
34
–
6

insulators
177
–
9

insulin
207
,
231
–
2
,
234
,
271

interspersed repetitive elements
38
–
41

intestines
260
–
1

introns
17
,
214
,
238
,
249

IPEX syndrome
234
–
5
,
331

iron overload
19

IRX3 gene
216

Isis (company)
280

Japan, diet and longevity
62

Jolie, Angelina
108

Kaposi’s sarcoma
244
–
5

karyotypes
81

keratin
176

Klinefelter’s syndrome
332

Kynamro (drug)
280

Leopold, Prince
90

limb development
41
,
106
,
204

linc RNAs
103

lipoproteins
280

liver, and detoxification
275
–
6

liver cancer
108
,
275
–
6

liver cirrhosis
213
–
14

long non-coding RNAs
97
–
112

3D structures
99
–
100

and brain
110
–
12

and cancer
107
–
10
,
118
–
19

cross-talk with epigenetic systems
117
–
23
,
131
–
2

definition
97

enhancing
162
,
167

expression level
97
–
8

expression patterns
190

functions
102
–
3
,
106
,
112

longevity
60
–
2

Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
235
–
6
,
276

lung cancer
74
,
107
,
217
,
268

macromolecular complex
146

major repressor
117
–
20

and cancer
118
–
19

knockout of
132

malignant melanoma
see
melanoma

mammals, reproduction
125
–
6
,
129
–
30

marsupials, imprinted genes
130

master regulators
164
–
6

MeCP2 gene
91

Mediator complex
162
–
3
,
165
,
167
,
169

melanoma
35
,
226
,
331

Merck (company)
281

messenger RNA
16
,
147
–
9
,
222
–
4

expression level
97
–
8

expression patterns
190

untranslated regions at end of
232
–
6

see also
splicing

methionine
247

mice

Agouti viable yellow
122

brain
263
–
5

with Fragile X syndrome
229

gene knockout experiments
260
–
1

imprinted genes
135

long non-coding RNAs
98

overweight
215
–
16

reconstituted eggs experiments
126
–
8
,
135

repeat elements in
40

microRNA (miRNA)
256

Mipomersen (drug)
280

Mirna Therapeutics (company)
275
–
6