July 1914: Countdown to War (55 page)

3
. Stone,
World War One
, 11.

4
. Bülow,
Memoirs
, vol. 3, 148–149.

5
. Cited in McMeekin,
Berlin-Baghdad Express
, 102. “Friend for all time”: Wilhelm II, “Tischrede in Damaskus (8 November 1898),” in Johann, ed.,
Reden des Kaisers
, 81.

6
. Cited in Hull,
Entourage
, 263.

7
. Cited in Fay, vol. 2, 207.

8
. Tschirschky to Bethmann, 30 June 1914, with Kaiser’s marginalia, no. 7 in DD, vol. 1.

Notes to Chapter 5
        
The Count Hoyos Mission to Berlin

1
. Hoyos’s report of conversation with Naumann, no. 3 in Geiss,
July 1914.

2
. Cited in Smith,
One Morning in Sarajevo
, 206.

3
. Citations in Hantsch, 566. See also Albertini vol. 2, 132.

4
. Cited in Hantsch, 562.

5
. Memorandum of the Austro-Hungarian Government, presented to the German government 5 July 1914, in DD, no. 14, 30.

6
. Franz Josef I to Kaiser Wilhelm II, handwritten note presented on 5 July 1914, in DD, no. 13, 19–20.

7
. Cited in Hantsch, 573.

8
. Erenyi, 247.

9
. Szögyény to Berchtold, 5 July 1914, no. 6 in Geiss,
July 1914.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Plessen diary, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 142.

12
. Falkenhayn to Moltke, 5 July 1914, no. 7 in Geiss,
July 1914.

13
. Cited in Jannen Jr., 32. “Surprise attack without preliminary preparation . . . partition of her territory”: cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 143.

14
. Cited in Beatty, 227.

15
. Szögyény to Berchtold, 6 July 1914, no. 27 in Geiss, vol. 1.

16
. Citations in Albertini, vol. 2, 142.

Notes to Chapter 6
        
War Council in Vienna (I)

1
. Conrad, vol. 4, 36–37.

2
. Potiorek to Biliński, 5 July 1914, HHSA, P.A.I. Liasse Krieg, Karton 811.

3
. Citations in Hantsch, 572.

4
. Conrad, vol. 4, 42.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Citation in Hantsch, 575.

7
. Tisza’s confession that he was “mistaken” was actually made in private to Berchtold shortly before the ministerial meeting, although he repeated the gist of it to the larger group, too. Cited in Hantsch, 575.

8
. Transcript of the 7 July 1914 war council in Vienna, reproduced as no. 39 in Geiss, vol. 1.

Notes to Chapter 7
        
Radio Silence

1
. Szögyény to Berchtold, 9 July 1914, no. 58 in Geiss, vol. 1. “Everyone here awaits with impatience . . . not easily repeat itself”: Szögyény to Berchtold, 8 July 1914, no. 46 in Geiss, vol. 1. “Emphasize enough . . . without striking a blow”: Berchtold to Tisza, 8 July 1914, cited in Hantsch, 583.

2
. Williamson Jr.,
Austria-Hungary
, 199–200; Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 142–143.

3
. Conrad, vol. 4, 61.

4
. Cited in Hantsch, 583.

5
. Tisza memorandum, 8 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 169.

6
. Cited in Hantsch, 588. “Concrete demands on Serbia”: Tschirschky to Jagow, 10 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.

7
. Tschirschky to Jagow, 10 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.

8
. Giesl to Berchtold, 11 July 1914, no. 10193 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

9
. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 277.

10
. Giesl to Berchtold, 13 July 1914, in HHSA, P.A.I. Liasse Krieg, Karton 810.

11
. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 175.

12
. Wiesner report, 13 July 1914, reproduced in Conrad, vol. 4, 81.

13
. Tschirschky to Jagow, 13 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.

14
. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, 14 July 1914, no. 91 in Geiss, vol. 1.

15
. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, 14 July 1914, no. 92 in Geiss, vol. 1.

Notes to Chapter 8
        
Enter Sazonov

1
. Shebeko to Sazonov, 16 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 185.

2
. Tisza to Hungarian Diet, 15 July 1914, cited in Erenyi, 253.

3
. Cited in Hantsch, 595.

4
. de Bunsen to Sir Arthur Nicolson, 17 July 1914, no. 56 in BD, vol. 11.

5
. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey, 16 July 1914, no. 50 in BD, vol. 11.

6
. de Bunsen to Grey, 18 July 1914, no. 59 in BD, vol. 11, no. 59. “Strong note . . . to be sent in the next week probably not acceptable to Serbia”: Berta de Bunsen diary, 18 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 72.

7
. Shebeko memoirs, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 185.

8
. Shebeko to Sazonov, 3/16 July 1914, no. 247 in IBZI, vol. 4.

9
. Albertini, vol. 2, 185.

10
. Entry for 3/16 July 1914, in Schilling, 25–26.

11
. Entry for 4/17 July 1914, in Schilling, 26.

12
. Entry for 5/18 July 1914, in Schilling, 26–27.

13
. Szapáry to Berchtold, 18 July 1914, no. 10365 in Oe-U, vol. 8. For “docile as a lamb”: Russian Foreign Ministry log for 5/18 July 1914, no. 272 in IBZI, vol. 4.

14
. Buchanan to Grey, 18 July 1914, no. 60 in BD, vol. 11.

15
. Tsar Nicholas II, marginal note on 16 July 1914 Shebeko telegram from Vienna, Peterhof 6/19 July 1914, no. 247 in IBZI, vol. 4.

Notes to Chapter 9
        
War Council in Vienna (II)

1
. Fay, vol. 2, 249.

2
. All quotations from the meeting of the council on 19 July are from the transcript of 19 July Ministerial Council, chaired by Berchtold, no. 10393 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

3
. Conrad, vol. 4, 92.

4
. Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, submitted 23 July 1914, reproduced as no. 155 in Geiss, vol. 1.

5
. Berchtold to Macchio, 21 July 1914, cited in Fay, vol. 2, 253.

6
. Jagow to Tschirschky, 11 July 1914, and Jagow to Tschirschky, 15 July 1914, nos. 31 and 46 in DD, vol. 1.

7
. Berchtold circular to diplomats, 20 July 1914, no. 10400 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

Notes to Chapter 10
      
Poincaré Meets the Tsar

1
. Citations in Jannen Jr., 66–67; “Murderous heat” and “tropical Africa”: Viviani,
As We See It
, 90–91.

2
. Cited in Turner, 89.

3
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 13.

4
. Cited in Turner, 89.

5
. Poincaré, vol. 2, 165–166. “Brilliance of the uniforms . . . black coat was a drab touch”: Paléologue, vol. 1, 14.

6
. Toast of Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, no. 293 in IBZI, vol. 4.

7
. Toast of Poincaré, President of France, no. 294 in IBZI, vol. 4. On Viviani’s visible discomfiture during this and other ceremonies in Petersburg, see Poincaré, vol. 2, 165 and passim.

Notes to Chapter 11
      
Sazonov’s Threat

1
. Poincaré, vol. 2, 168–169.

2
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 16–17.

3
. Poincaré, vol. 2, 170. “Create some incident that would furnish . . . a pretext for attacking [Serbia]”: Buchanan to Grey, 22 July 1914, no. 76 in BD, vol. 11.

4
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 18–19.

5
. Szapáry to Berchtold, 21 July 1914, no. 10461 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

6
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 19.

7
. Citations in Schmidt, 75, 78.

8
. Pourtalès to Bethmann by courier, 21 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19867 (emphasis added).

Notes to Chapter 12
      
Champagne Summit

1
. Poincaré, vol. 2, 174–176.

2
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 21–22. “Interminable lane of troops . . . traditional shout”: Poincaré, vol. 2, 177.

3
. Tuchman, 332.

4
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 22–23.

5
. Barrère (from Rome) to Bienvenu-Martin, 21 July 1914, passed on to Paléologue, 22 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 77. “Plied [him] unceasingly with questions . . .”: Poincaré, vol. 2, 178.

6
. Poincaré diary, cited in Schmidt, 81.

7
. Paléologue, vol. 1, 23.

8
. Ibid., 24–26.

Notes to Chapter 13
      
Anti-Ultimatum and Ultimatum

1
. Krupenski to Sazonov, 22 July 1914, no. 329 in IBZI, vol. 4.

2
. Sazonov to Shebeko, 4
AM
on 23 July 1914, no. 322 in IBZI, vol. 4.

3
. Viviani to Dumaine, by way of Bienvenu-Martin, 24 July 1914, in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32. “Only with reluctance”: Poincaré diary entry dated 23 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 80.

4
. Albertini, vol. 2, 589.

5
. Dispatch from the chargé d’affaires in Vienna, cited in diary entry for 13/26 July 1914, in Schilling, 38.

6
. Jagow to Tschirschky, 22 July 1914, no. 201 in Geiss, vol. 1.

7
. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914, no. 10518 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

8
. Conrad, vol. 4, 108. San Giuliano’s quid pro quo: cited in Sondhaus,
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
, 144.

9
. Crackanthorpe to Grey, 17 July 1914, no. 53 in BD, vol. 11.

10
. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914, no. 10519 in Oe-U, vol. 8. “Receive him in my place”: cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 285.

11
. Giesl to Berchtold, 23 July 1914, no. 10526 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

12
. Giesl, as told to Albertini, in Albertini, vol. 2, 285.

13
. Tagesaufzeichnung des russischen Aussenministeriums, 23 July 1914, no. 245 in Geiss, vol. 1.

Notes to Chapter 14
      
Sazonov Strikes

1
. Albertini, vol. 2, 290; and Sazonov, 152.

2
. See diary entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 28–29.

3
. Szapáry from Petersburg, 24 July 1914, no. 10619 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

4
. Dobrorolskii, 17–18.

5
. PBM, box 1, chapter 7, 5–7 (emphasis added).

6
. Kokovtsov, 346–347 (emphasis added).

7
. Dobrorolskii, 17–19.

8
. Buchanan to Grey, 24 July 1914, no. 101 in BD, vol. 11.

9
. PBM, box 1, chapter 7, pp. 9–10 and passim.

10
. Sonderjournal des russischen Ministerrats, 24 July 1914, no. 286 in Geiss, vol. 1.

11
. Prince Regent Alexander to Tsar Nicholas II, 24 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 352.

12
. Spalaiković to Belgrade, 24 July 1914, cited (with commentary) in Albertini, vol. 2, 353–354.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Szapáry from Petersburg, 24 July 1914, no. 10620 in Oe-U, vol. 8.

15
. Pourtalès letter by courier to Bethmann from Petersburg, 25 July 1914, no. 19 (204) in Pourtalès, 104–105.

16
. Pourtalès telegram to Jagow, 25 July 1914 (1:08
AM
), no. 283 in Geiss, vol. 1.

17
. Entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 31.

18
. Pourtalès, 19; see also Albertini, vol. 2, 301.

19
. Entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 32. Conversation as recorded by Paléologue, in vol. 1, 33.

Notes to Chapter 15
      
Russia, France, and Serbia Stand Firm

1
. Dobrorolskii telegram, 25 July 1914, cited in Hoeniger,
Russlands Vorbereitung zum Weltkrieg
, 80.

2
. Minutes of the Russian Council of Ministers held on 25 July 1914, cited in Fay, vol. 2, 314 and passim.

3
. Cited in Fay, vol. 2, 308 (emphasis added).

4
. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 305.

5
. Chelius to Berlin from Krasnoe Selo, 13/26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871 (emphasis added).

6
. Buchanan to Grey, 25 July 1914 (8
PM
), no. 125 in BD, vol. 11.

7
. Paléologue from Petersburg, 25 July 1914, 6:22
PM
, in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32.

8
. Dupont to Laguiche, 25 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 330.

9
. Poincaré diary entries, 25 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 81.