JFK & the Unspeakable: Why He Died & Why It Matters (19 page)

[
43
]. Ibid., p. 293.

[
44
]. Ibid., p. 296.

[
45
]. Ibid., p. 303.

[
46
]. Ibid., p. 305.

[
47
]. Ibid., pp. 319-22.

[
48
]. O’Donnell and Powers,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
p. 274.

[
49
]. Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, p. 486.

[
50
]. Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, “The ‘Confessions’ of Allen Dulles: New Evidence on the Bay of Pigs,”
Diplomatic
History
8, no. 4 (Fall 1984): p. 369; citing Allen W. Dulles Papers, handwritten notes, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.

[
51
]. Noah Adams,
All Things Considered,
March 26, 2001, hour l, National Public Radio.

[
52
]. Daniel Schorr,
All Things Considered,
March 26, 2001, hour l, National Public Radio.

[
53
]. Haynes Johnson with Manuel Artime, Jose Perez San Roman, Emeido Oliva, and Enrique Ruiz-Williams,
The Bay
of Pigs
(New York: Dell, 1964), p. 74.

[
54
]. Ibid.

[
55
].
Robert Kennedy in His Own Words
, edited by Edwin O. Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman (New York: Bantam, 1988), p. 245. RFK also said, “In fact, we found out later that, despite the President’s orders that no American forces would be used, the first two people who landed in the Bay of Pigs were Americans. The CIA sent them in.” Ibid.

[
56
]. Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy, “C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?”
New York
Times
(April 25, 1966), p. 20.

[
57
]. Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy
, p. 486.

[
58
]. David T. Ratcliffe,
Understanding Special Operations: 1989 Interview with L. Fletcher Prouty
(Santa Cruz, CA: rat haus reality press, 1999), pp. 170-71.

[
59
]. Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, p. 428.

[
60
]. In addition to former CIA director Allen W. Dulles, President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 30, 1963, appointed six other members to the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy: Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Chairman of the Commission; Georgia Senator Richard B. Russell; Kentucky Senator John Sherman Cooper; Representative Hale Boggs of Louisiana; Representative Gerald R. Ford of Michigan, the future U.S. president; John J. McCloy, who had been a World War II Assistant Secretary of War, President of the World Bank, and U.S. Military Governor and High Commissioner for Germany. LBJ’s first choice for the commission had been Allen Dulles, who would be its most influential member, but “he needed Warren to deflect any future criticism of the investigation from the liberal establishment.” Gerald D. McKnight,
Breach of Trust: How
the Warren Commission Failed the Nation and Why
(Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2005), p. 41.

[
61
]. Willie Morris,
New York Days
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), p. 36.

[
62
]. Cited by L. Fletcher Prouty,
The Secret Team
(New York: Ballantine, 1974), p. 472.

[
63
]. Cold War Letter 9, to Archbishop Thomas Roberts, S.J., London, December, 1961; in
Cold War Letters
, p. 26.

[
64
]. Thomas Merton,
Witness to Freedom: Letters in Times of Crisis
, edited by William H. Shannon (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994), p. 77.

[
65
]. Merton,
Cold War Letters
, p. 65.

[
66
]. Ibid., p. 165.

[
67
]. Gaeton Fonzi,
The Last Investigation
(New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1994), pp. 53-59.

[
68
]. Merton,
Cold War Letters
, p. 43.

[
69
]. Ibid.

[
70
]. Ibid., p. 44.

[
71
]. Merton,
Cold War Letters
, p. 26.

[
72
].
Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1961
, “Address in Seattle at the University of Washington’s 100th Anniversary Program,” November 16, 1961 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 726.

[
73
]. Thomas Merton,
Peace in the Post-Christian Era
(Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2004), pp. 121-22.

[
74
]. Ibid., p. 122.

[
75
]. Merton,
Cold War Letters
, p. 29.

[
76
]. Ibid.

[
77
].
Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1961
, “Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba,” October 22, 1962, p. 807.

[
78
].
Khrushchev Remembers
, with introduction, commentary, and notes by Edward Crankshaw (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), p. 492.

[
79
]. Ibid., p. 493.

[
80
]. Ibid., p. 494.

[
81
]. Merton,
Cold War Letters
, p. 96.

[
82
]. “Now the question
really
is what action we take which
lessens
the chances of a nuclear exchange, which obviously is the final failure.”
President John F. Kennedy, October 18, 1962, 11:00 a.m., Cabinet Room. Sheldon M. Stern,
Averting “The Final Failure”
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 95, 105-6.

[
83
]. In 1997 Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow edited and published transcripts of the Cuban Missile Crisis tapes in their book
The Kennedy Tapes
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997). In 2000 the accuracy of their transcripts was challenged in two articles by Sheldon M. Stern, historian at the JFK Library from 1977 to 1999: “What JFK Really Said,”
Atlantic Monthly
285 (May 2000): pp. 122-28, and “Source Material: The 1997 Published Transcripts of the JFK Cuban Missile Crisis Tapes: Too Good to Be True?”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
30 (September 2000): pp. 586-93. When Zelikow, May, and Timothy Naftali brought out a revised set of missile crisis transcripts,
The Presidential Recordings: John F. Kennedy: Volumes 1-3, The Great Crises
(New York: W.W. Norton, 2001), Stern critiqued their revision for further inaccuracies in his article “The JFK Tapes: Round Two,”
Reviews in American History
30 (2002): pp. 680-88. Sheldon M. Stern has written a comprehensive narrative account of the missile crisis deliberations of President Kennedy and the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm), citing his own transcripts of the tapes,
Averting “The Final Failure”: John F. Kennedy and the
Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003). My citations of the tapes are taken from
Averting “The Final Failure.”

[
84
]. Stern,
Averting “The Final Failure,”
pp. 123-24.

[
85
]. Ibid., p. 126.

[
86
]. Ibid., p. 128.

[
87
]. Ibid., p. 129.

[
88
]. Robert Kennedy,
Thirteen Days
(New York: Signet, 1969), p. 31.

[
89
]. Ibid., pp. 69-70.

[
90
]. Paul Wells, “Private Letters Shed Light on Cold War,”
Montreal Gazette
(July 24, 1993), p. A1. The private letters between Kennedy and Khrushchev, known as the “Pen Pal Correspondence,” were published with the Cold War leaders’ more formal, public letters in the State Department volume
Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS], 1961-1963, Volume VI: Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges
(Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).