JFK (70 page)

Leonard C. Lewin,
Report From Iron Mountain
(New York: Dial Press, 1967). This book is not to be misunderstood. It is a novel; but its content is so close to the reality of those years that many readers insist that the “report” must be true. I have discussed this fully with the author. He assures me that the book is a novel and that he intended it to read that way in order to emphasize its serious content.

A recent euphemism for guerrilla warfare or counter insurgency operations.

Walter B. Wriston,
Risk and Other Four-Letter Words
(New York: Harper & Row, 1986).

Philip P. Weiner,
The Dictionary of the History of Ideas
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1973).

As defined in my 1973 book
The Secret Team
, Secret Intelligence Operations are “clandestine operations carried out to get deep-secret intelligence data.”

Sen. Leverett Saltonstall (R-Massa.).

In what was a very accurate on-the-scene account of the murder of the President, an experienced Reuters correspondent wrote, “Three bursts of gunfire, apparently from automatic weapons, were heard.” This first news report by a seasoned combat journalist shows that those in and around Dealey Plaza heard numerous shots -- more than the three bullets reported by the Secret Service, the FBI, and the Warren Commission.

Permitting the vice president to ride in the same procession with the President violated one hundred years of Secret Service policy. Why did this occur on that momentous day? Who directed these changes in standard procedures, and why?

As described in earlier chapters, this normally entails a series of orchestrated events that elevate a person, such as those mentioned, to a position where he is regarded as an extremely popular hero.

Less developed countries, or LDCs, is a term much used for these small, underdeveloped nations in the banking community.

This novel was published in 1967. Today it might have included the Strategic Defense Initiative “Star Wars” project as another boondoggle.

R. Buckminster Fuller,
Critical Path
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981).

A military term referring to the number of years of effective use of an item of military hardware before it is replaced by a newer or updated model. The life of type of most items normally averages between ten and twenty years.

On several occasions in 1964, I spent a few hours alone with President Fernando Belaunde Terry of Peru discussing the subject of border patrol. Peru controls the entry and exit of almost 100 percent of its goods through the port of Callao, adjacent to Lima, and a special “free port” in the remote region east of the Andes, at Iquitos on the upper Amazon River.

Belaunde wanted to establish a network of border surveillance by the use of small, capable aircraft, the Helio Aircraft Corporation’s “Courier,” which had been designed by members of the MIT aeronautical engineering staff and purchased by the hundred by the CIA. This small plane could land, STOL (short takeoff and landing) fashion, on unprepared airstrips and even on mountainsides.

Belaunde told me that in conjunction with that type of modern border patrol he had repeatedly refused foreign aid projects for road-building because “all they would accomplish would be to facilitate the movement of the indigenous natives from their ancient communities to the jammed barriadas of Lima.”

With entry into Peru limited, for the most part, to these two ports and their airfields, it was possible for the government to control all import and export business to benefit the Belaunde governmental team, which included certain old and rich families with traditional and banking power.

Fuller,
Critical Path
.

Theodore Shanin, “Peasants and Peasant Societies,” in John Berger, “Historical Afterword,”
Pig Earth
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).

Senator Gravel wrote these words in August 1971 for the introduction to
The
Pentagon Papers
(Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1971). They were timely and applicable then. The reader cannot help but note that they are equally timely and applicable to the more recent Iranian “hostages for arms” controversy and even to Desert Storm.

“New Frontier” was the domestic and foreign policy program of President Kennedy’s administration. It is taken from a slogan used by Kennedy in his acceptance speech in 1960. Edward C. Smith and Arnold C. Zurcher,
Dictionary of American Politics
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968).

Special Judge Advocate John A. Bingham,
The Trial of the Conspirators
(Washington, D.C., 1865), cited in
The Pope and the New Apocalypse
(S. D. Mumford, 1986).

From his excellent book
Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence
(New York: Times Books, 1978). This is a good source of “inside the family” information about certain aspects of the intervention in Vietnam and of the role played by the various participants.

Previous CIA station chief, Saigon.

At the time General Taylor issued these instructions to General Westmoreland, I was serving with the Joint Staff as chief of the Office of Special Operations in SACSA. I attended meetings at which General Taylor presided and was well aware of his brilliance and experience. His remarks to General Westmoreland cannot be taken lightly. For my work with the Joint Staff, I was awarded, by General Taylor, one of the first Joint Chiefs of Staff Commendation Medals ever issued.

During the summer of 1944, I had been ordered to fly from Cairo via Tehran over the Caspian Sea and then across southern Russian into the Ukraine to a point just west of Poltava. I saw firsthand the indescribable destruction of such cities as Rostov, and how the once-fertile Ukraine had been laid bare. Only the firebombed Tokyo had suffered more damage.

Abrams, Gen. Creighton W.

Acheson, Dean

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Afghanistan

Africa, outlook for

Agent Orange

Agnelli, Giovanni

Agriculture

Agrovilles

Ahn Lac Air Base

Air America

Air Re-supply and Communications

Allen, George V.

Ambrose, Dr. Stephen E.

American Airlines

American Legion

American Medical Association

Ammunition, coup role of

Anloa Valley

Anson, Robert Sam

Antarctica

Apollo program

Arzu, Roberto Alejo

Ash, Roy L.

Assassination, CIA policy oncommon techniques in; and FDR. See
also
Kennedy (John) assassination

Assassination manuals

Associated Press

Atomic bomb, development ofand Japan.
See also
Hydrogen bomb; Nuclear weapons

Auchincloss, Ken

Aurell, George

Baldwin, Hansen W.

Ball, George

Bao Dai

Bankers

Bannister, Guy

Barber, James David

Barrientos Ortano, Gen. René

Bay of Pigs operationexecution offailure analyzed Kennedy reaction to planning of

Bell Helicopter

Bingham, John A.

Bishop, Jim

Bissell, Richard

Black budgets

Blackburn, Alfred W.

“Block” system

Bodin, Jean

Boeing Aircraft Company

Boggs, Hale

Bolivia, coup in

Bombing, impact of

Book of the Film, The
(Stone)

Boston Globe

Bow and arrow

British Broadcasting Company

Brown, Clarence

Buddhists

Budgets, defenseand Eisenhower administrationmilitaryand Third Worldof Vietnam War

Bundy, Bill

Bundy, McGeorgeand Bay of Pigsand NSAM’s

Burke, Adm. Arleigh A.

Bush administration

Cabell, Gen. Charles

Cabell, Earle

Cairo conference

California Standard Oil Company

Cambodia

Camelot

Cameron, Allan W.

Camp Peary

Cam Ranh Bay

Can Loa

Caravelle Group

Carr, Waggoner

Casey, William

Castro, Fidel
See also
Bay of Pigs operation

Catholics, relocation of
. See
also
Tonkinese refugees

Central Intelligence Agency.
See
CIA

Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

Chiang Kai-shekand Tehran conference

Chiang Kai-shek, Madame

Chicago
Daily News

Chile

China, and Tehran conference

Chineseand Vietnam war
See also
Tonkinese refugees

Christchurch
Star

Churchill, Winston and iron curtain

CIA, and assassinationsand Bay of Pigsand Bolivian coup and businesscombat activity ofcontrol of and covert operationscreation ofCuban-exile program ofand Diemand Dien Bien Phuand economic warfare economics division of and franchise holders and French-Indochina War funding ofgrowth ofand helicoptersinternational reputation ofJohnson changes in and Korean airliner incidentand Kennedy Vietnam policyand Laos laws governingand McCone appointmentand military-politics relationship and paramilitary forcesand Pentagon Papersand Phoenix Programpolitical immunity of and project sizereason for roles ofand Nazis and NSAM’s and Saigon Military Mission and secrecyand Special Forcesand U-2 incident and Vietnam-war Americanization
See also individual names and subjects
; Vietnam war

CINCPAC

Citizens’ Retraining Camps

Civil Affairs and Military Government

Civil Air Transport (CAT), and helicopters and Tonkinese refugees

Civil Guard

Clifford, Clark

Cline, Ray

Cochin China

Colby, William

Cold War, cost ofand enemiesinitial planning ofand NSAM’s origins of purposes of

Colson, Charles

Combat Development Test Center (CDTC)

Communications, and national sovereignty

Communism, as enemy. See
also
Cold War

Conein, Lucien

C–123 cargo plane

Congress, U.S., and Southeast Asia Resolution

Congressional Record

Conspiraciesproving of

Cooper, Sen. John Sherman

Cornwell-Thompson Company

Corporate socialism

Counsel to the President
(Clifford)

Counterinsurgency

Coups d’etat, CIA methods inand franchise holders

Covert operations

CRAF (Civil Reserve Air Fleet)

Craig, Walter E.

Critical Path
(Fuller)

Cronkite, Walter

Crusade for Peace

Cuban exilesSee
also
Bay of Pigs operation

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Study Group

Curry, Cecil B.

Dalai Lama

Dallas Police Department

Darwin, Charles

Dayan, Gen. Moshe

Debates

Decker, Gen. George

Declaration of Independence (Vietnam)

“Deep Water,”

Defense Departmentand CIA

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Defoliation, impact ofinitial use of

Democracy in America
(de Tocqueville)

Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
See
North Vietnam

Denning, Lord

Desert Storm.
See
Gulf War

de Silvo, Peer

de Tocqueville, Alexis

de Varona, Manuel Antonio

Diem, Ngo Dinh. See Ngo Dinh Diem

Dien Bien Phu

Domino theory

Don, Tran Van

Dornberger, Walter

Douglas, James

Douglas, William O.

Dulles, Allen and Bay of Pigs and Cuban Strategy Groupdismissal of influence ofand Nazisand U–2 incidentand Warren Commission

Dulles, John Fosterand Dien Bien Phuinfluence ofand Korean Waron Tonkinese refugeeson Vietnam

Duong Van “Big” Minh

East India Company

Edward Lansdale
(Curry), 6566

Egypt

Eglin Air Force Base

Eisenhower, Dwight D. CIA policy of Cuban policy ofand Khrushchevon Laosand national sovereigntyand nuclear weapons on Tonkinese refugeesand U–2 incidenton Vietnam war

Elections, 1960in South Vietnam

Ellsberg, Daniel

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

Enemy, defining ofidentification of role of

Energy crisis, and power elite

English Language Center (DOP)

Erskine, Gen. Graves B.

Everest, Gen. Frank

Extended Arms for Brotherhood

Fair Play for Cuba Committee

Family Story, The
(Lord Denning)

FBI, and Kennedy assassination

Felt, Adm. Harry

First National Bank of Boston

First to Fight
(Krulak)

Fishel, Wesley

Fitzgerald, Desmond

“Five Fingers” System

5412/2 Committee

Ford, Gerald R.and Kennedy assassination

Foreign aid

Foreign Relations of the United States
, 1952—1954

Foreign Relations of the United States
, 1961—63

Forrestal, Michael

Fort Bragg

Fort Gordon

Fort Gulick

Fort Worth, Texas

Franchises, and Third World

France, and Vietnam

Fritz, Will

Fuller, R. Buckminster

Galbraith, John Kennedy

Garrison, Jim

Gates, Thomas

Gehlen, Gen. Reinhart

Gehler, Reinhard

Gelb, Leslie H.

Geneva Accords (1954)

Geneva Agreements (1954) and French–Indochina War

Genocide

Giles, Benjamin

Gilpatric, Roswell

Godel, Bill

Goldberg, Arthur

Goldwater, Sen. Barry

Grassy knoll

Gravel, Sen. Mike

Great Britain, and Vietnam

Green Berets
See also
Special forces

Greene, Gen. Wallace M.

Groden, Bob

Gromyko, Andrei

Grumman Aircraft Company

Guatemala

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gulf Warwinning of

Haileybury College

Haiphong

Halberstam, David

Hamilton, Lee

Harkins, Gen. Paul

Harrelson, Charles

Harriman, Averell

Harper’s

Hegel, G.W.F.

Helicopters

Helms, Richard

Hillenkoetter, Adm. Roscoe

Hiroshima

H–19 helicopter

Ho Chi Minh and Tonkinese refugees

Hoover, J. Edgar, on Kennedy assassination

Hue

Huey helicopter

HUK insurgency

Humes, James

Hunger, impact of

Hunt, Howard

Huongca

Hydrogen bomband Vietnam war
See also
Atomic bomb, Nuclear weapons

Import/export

Indochina.
See
also
France; Vietnam war

Indonesia

Intelligence organizations, types of
See also
CIA, KGB

International Security Affairs Office

International Monetary Fund

In the Midst of Wars
(Lansdale)

Iran

Iron Curtain, derivation of

Israel

Italy

Jackson, Sen. Henry

Javits, Jacob K.

Japan, and atomic bomb

JFK
(movie), Oliver Stone on Prouty onresponse to

Johnson, Kelly

Johnson, Lyndon Bainesand Kennedy assassination and Vietnam

Johnson, U. Alexis

Johnston, David

Joint Chiefs of StaffKennedy on 167–169; and national sovereigntyand NSAM #55
See also individual names and subjects

Jones, john Paul

Jordan

Journal of the American Medical Association

Kahler, Katherine

Kennedy, Edward

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, vs. CIA power Dallas speech of long-range plans of managerial style ofand 1960 campaign. See
also
Kennedy administration; Kennedy (John) assassination

Kennedy, Robert F and Maxwell Taylor

Kennedy
(Sorenson)

Kennedy administration, and Bay of Pigs characterizedand Cuban exilesearly concerns of and NSAM #55and military-politics relationship military spending inand space programand Strategic Hamlet programVietnam policy of

Kennedy (John) assassination assassins in cabinet conspiracy incover story for and Cuban exilesexecution ofFord on further investigation ofimpact of and military-industrial complexmotives for and news mediaand Nixon requirements for planning ofand NSAM #263 reversalresearchers of and security arrangements and succeeding presidents unfolding plot ofand Warren Commission
See also individual names and subjects

KGB

Khamba tribesmen

Khrushchev, Nikita

King, Martin Luther, Jr.

Kissinger, Henry

Korean airlines incident

Korean warorigins of winning of

Krulak, Lt. Gen. Victor H.

Kubrick, Stanley