Jeremy Varon (60 page)

145. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

146. Ibid.

147. After going to England, Proll turned himself in to West German authorities, receiving only minor sanction for his flight.

148. The screenplay was published as Ulrike Meinhof,
Bambule. Fürsorge—

Sorge für wen?
(Berlin: Wagenbach, 1971).

149. On the Wandervögeln, see Detlev Peukert,
Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life,
trans. Richard Deveson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).

150. Becker,
Hitler’s Children,
74.

151. Astrid Proll, ed.,
Baader Meinhof: Pictures on the Run, 67–77
(New York: Scalo, 1998), 5. The book was published under the German title
Hans und
Grete: Die RAF, 67–1977.

152. RAF, “Die Rote Armee Aufbauen!”
883,
no. 6 (May 22, 1970).

153. This is the conclusion of Mario Krebs,
Ulrike Meinhof: Ein Leben im
Widerspruch
(Reinbeck: Rowohlt TB-V, 1995).

154. This is the view of Iring Fetscher in “Ideologien der Terroristen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,” in Iring Fetscher, Günther Rohrmoser, et al.,
Ideologien und Strategien,
Analysen zum Terrorismus, vol. 1 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981), 15–271. See also Bernhard Rabert,
Links- und Rechtsterrorismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1970 bis heute
(Bonn: Bernard & Graefe, 1995), 88–113.

155. The phrase is from Richard McCormick,
The Politics of the Self: Feminism and Postmodernism in West German Literature and Film
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).

156. Jürgen Horlemann quoted in Langguth,
Protestbewegung,
208.

Notes to Pages 66–72

323

157.
Der Kampf des Vietnamesischen Volkes und die Globalstrategie des Im-perialismus: Internationaler Vietnam-Kongreß
(Berlin: INFI, 1968), 90.

158. Ibid., 123.

159. Langguth,
Protestbewegung,
50.

160. On the disintegration of the student movement, see ibid., 52–54, 71–89.

161. RAF, “Den antiimperialistichen Kampf führen! Die Rote Armee aufbauen! Die Aktion des Schwarzen September in München,” in RAF,
texte,
431.

162. RAF, “Dem Volk dienen: Stadtguerilla und Klassenkampf,” in RAF,
texte,
372.

163. RAF, “Den antiimperialistichen Kampf führen!” 413–14.

164. RAF, “Concept of the Urban Guerrilla,” 38.

165. Schiller,
“Es war ein harter Kampf,”
53.

166. The Platform of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the PLO’s military wing, declared, “The Palestinian struggle is a part of the whole Arab liberation movement and the world liberation movement,” and denounced

“Zionism” and the “Arab Bourgeoisie” alike. Laqueur,
Terrorism Reader,
146.

167. Christoph Martel, “Nur die besten Absichten: Das prekäre Verhältnis der deutschen 68er zu den USA und Israel” (unpublished seminar paper, University of Göttingen, 1999), 25.

168. Quoted in ibid., 26.

169. Martel skillfully navigates perspectives on the West German New Left’s relationship to Israel.

170. RAF, “Concept of the Urban Guerrilla,” 38.

171. Horst Mahler, “Über den bewaffneten Kampf in Westeuropa,” in
Die
alte Straßenverkehrsordnung: Dokumente der RAF
(Berlin: Edition Tiamat, 1987), 68.

172. RAF, “Den antiimperialistichen Kampf führen!” 433.

173. Ibid., 37.

174. Ibid., 36, 45.

175. See “rede von ulrike zu der befreiung von andreas, moabit 13. september 74,” in RAF,
texte,
65.

176. Meinhof conveyed the RAF’s esteem for Baader at her 1974 trial for freeing Baader from prison in 1970. Ibid.

177. Beate Sturm, “Man kann nur züruchbrüllen,”
Spiegel,
no. 7 (1972): 52–63.

178. Mahler, “Über den bewaffneten Kampf in Westeuropa,” 41.

179. Ibid.

180. Ibid., 59.

181. Ibid., 119.
Ideologien und Strategien
details the differences between RAF

texts written by Meinhof and those written by Mahler.

182. Despite Marighela’s reputation as a skilled theoretician of guerrilla war, his combat model ultimately proved ineffective not only in Brazil itself, but in Uruguay and other Latin American countries as well. Marighela was killed by Brazilian state agents in November 1969. See John W. Williams, “Carlos Marighela: The Father of Modern Guerrilla Warfare,”
Terrorism
12, no. 1 (1989): 1–20.

183. “Man kann nur züruchbrüllen,”
Spiegel,
no. 7 (1972): 57.

324

Notes to Pages 72–80

184. Schiller,
“Es war ein harter Kampf,”
20–39. See also Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv,
Aus der Krankheit eine Waffe machen: Eine Agitationsschrift des
Sozialistischen Patientenkollektiv an der Universität Heidelberg
(Heidelberg: SPK, 1987).

185. Schiller,
“Es war ein harter Kampf,”
38.

186. Ibid., 12.

187. “Kongreß ‘Hochschule und Demokratie’—Diskussion über die ‘Tatigkeit der Regelveletzung’ und ‘linken Faschismus’ (9. Juni 1967),” in
APO: Die außerparlamentarische Opposition,
ed. Otto, 245.

188. Ibid., 241, 245. Habermas substantially qualified the charge of “left fascism” a year later in “‘Etikett des linken Fascismus’ vom 13. Mai 1968,” in
APO:
Die außerparlamentarische Opposition,
ed. Otto, 249–58.

189. Jürgen Habermas, “Scheinrevolution unter Handlungszwang,” in
APO:
Die außerparlamentarische Opposition,
ed. Otto, 284.

2 . t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f b e i n g m i l i t a n t 1. SDS National Office flyer, fall 1969. Cornell SDS.

2. Shin’ya Ono, “A Weatherman: You Do Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 249–51. Braley interview.

3. Ibid., 248.

4. Stern,
With the Weathermen,
128–29.

5. Ayers,
Fugitive Days,
162–64.

6. Ono, “Weatherman,” 252.

7. Dellinger,
More Power Than We Know,
162–65.

8. Quoted in Sale,
SDS,
582–83.

9.
RAT,
September 23–October 8, 1969.

10. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

11. Neufeld interview.

12. Wilkerson interview, Columbia, 75.

13. Grathwohl,
Bringing America Down.

14. Sale,
SDS,
603.

15. Ono, “Weatherman,” 253.

16. Stern,
With the Weathermen,
132–33.

17. Ibid., 134.

18. Weiss interview.

19. Interview with Naomi Jaffe.

20. Tom Hayden, “Justice in the Streets,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 297.

21. Sale,
SDS,
605–6.

22. See Chicago’s
Sun
and
Tribune
newspapers, October 9–12; the
Chicago
Tribune Sunday Magazine,
October 23, 1969; Sale,
SDS,
605–11; Tom Thomas,

“The Second Battle of Chicago,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 196–226; and Dellinger,
More Power Than We Know,
150–69.

23. Interview with Duane Hall, “Peter Joseph Collection, Unprocessed,” Butler Library, Columbia University.

Notes to Pages 81–88

325

24. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

25. Ibid.

26. Dohrn interview.

27. Johnny Lerner made the claim in an October 9 press conference, recorded in the FBI Report, Chicago Office, “Students for a Democratic Society,” November 7, 1969, 68. FBI-WUO.

28. Thomas, “Second Battle of Chicago,” 207.

29. Interview with Duane Hall.

30. Statistics FBI Report, Chicago Office, “Students for a Democratic Society,” November 7, 1969, 188–89, 91, FBI-WUO.

31.
Chicago Tribune,
October 9, 1969, 1.

32. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

33.
Chicago Tribune,
October 9 and 10, 1969, 1, 2.

34. Ibid., October 12, 1969, 1.

35. Ibid., October 10, 1969, 1.

36. Ibid., October 12, 1969, 5.

37. Ibid., October 13, 1969, 22.

38. Ono, “Weatherman,” 273–74.

39. Hampton quoted on ABC News, national broadcast, October 9, 1969.

40.
Guardian,
October 18, 1969, 4.

41.
Fifth Estate,
October 16–25, 1969, 3–4.

42. Pro-RYM II articles appeared in Seattle’s
Helix,
October 16, 1969; Mil-waukee’s
Heterodoxical Voice,
November 1969; and Austin’s
Rag,
October 21, 1969.

43. Sale,
SDS,
614–15.

44.
Berkeley Tribe,
October 24–30, 1969, 7, 22–24.

45.
Ann Arbor Argus,
November 18–December 11, 1969, 8–9.

46. Andrew Kopkind, “Going Down in Chicago,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 284.

47. “What Was Chicago?”
Berkeley Tribe,
October 31–November 6, 1969, 14–16; all quotations from 15. Representatives of the
Tribe, Seed, RAT,
and the radical film collective New York Newsreel participated in the discussion.

48. Rossinow,
Politics of Authenticity,
4. Subsequent quotations from 19, 97, 82.

49. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

50. Ayers interview.

51. Ralph Larkin and Daniel Foss, “Lexicon of Folk-Etymology,” in
The 60s
without Apology,
ed. Sohnya Sayres et al. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); quotations from 363. The lexicon is as intriguing in its form as its content. With their thorough and affectionate definitions of 1960s jargon such as “bum trip” and “farout,” Larkin and Foss illustrate the importance of language in the New Left’s self-understanding. But in the often excessive formality of their definitions, they appear also to mock both cultural anthropology and the New Left’s self-absorption.

52. Jean-Paul Sartre, preface to Frantz Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Press, 1963), 17.

326

Notes to Pages 88–99

53. Braley Interview.

54. Rossinow,
Politics of Authenticity,
128.

55. Herbert Marcuse,
Counterrevolution and Revolt
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1972), 133.

56. Ono, “Weatherman,” 223–24.

57. Fanon,
Wretched of the Earth.

58.
Guardian,
October 18, 1969, 14.

59. Gilbert, Columbia, 75–76.

60. Ibid., June 18, 1985, 256.

61. Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” in
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology,
trans. and ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 117–25.

62. Palmer interview.

63. Ono, “Weatherman,” 241.

64. Quoted in Thomas, “Second Battle of Chicago,” in
Weatherman,
ed.

H. Jacobs, 205.

65. Palmer interview.

66.
Ann Arbor Argus,
December 13, 1969, 3.

67. Gilbert, Columbia, 346.

68. Ibid., 271.

69. Ibid., 346.

70. Hirsch-Dubin interview.

71. Gitlin,
The Sixties,
287.

72. Jones, Columbia, 64.

73. Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” in
Lenin
and Philosophy and Other Essays,
trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 127–86.

74. Stern,
With the Weathermen,
26–27.

75.
Ann Arbor Argus,
June 19–July 3, 1969, 4.

76. Ibid., 10.

77. In
The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture and the Rise
of Consumerism
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), Thomas Frank has sharply questioned the oppositional nature of the counterculture by documenting the confluence in the 1960s of its values with those celebrated by ad-vertisers and the corporate world generally.

78. Quotations from Larkin and Foss, “Lexicon of Folk-Etymology,” 362–63.

79. Braley interview.

80.
RAT,
January 3–16, 1969.

81.
Fifth Estate,
February 6–19, 1969.

82. Ibid., February 19–March 4, 1970.

83. Sigmund Freud theorizes the relationship between desire, guilt, and aggression in
Civilization and Its Discontents,
trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1961).

84. Tom Wells,
The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 122, 293. The two were prominent in Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam.

85. One need look no further than the Weathermen themselves to appreci-Notes to Pages 99–106

327

ate the obvious differences between the U.S. government and the Nazi regime.

With the Days of Rage, the Weathermen publicly announced and then carried out their intention of attacking property and police, suffering mostly minor injuries. Members of the Munich-based student group White Rose were executed merely for distributing leaflets denouncing the Nazis.

86. Palmer interview.

87. Wells,
War Within,
163.

88.
Berkeley Tribe,
October 31–November 6, 1969, 16.

89. Jones, Columbia, 78.

90. Ibid., 85.

91. Wilkerson, Columbia, 75.

92. Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” 121. Weber himself performed this reversal, as his exemplar of the ethic of ultimate ends shifts from a Christian pacifist to an anarchist bomber who holds little hope of ameliorating social conditions through violence.

93. Ibid., 120.

94. Ibid., 121.

95. Michel Foucault, “Between ‘Words’ and ‘Things’ in ’68,” in
Remarks on
Marks,
trans. R. James Goldstein and James Cascaito (Semiotext(e): New York, 1991), 137. Additional quotations from 134–39.

96. Jean-Paul Sartre, Preface to Fanon,
Wretched of the Earth,
21.

97.
Ann Arbor Argus,
December 31, 1969, 3.

98. Gilbert and Wilkerson each criticized Weatherman’s early politics as “Debrayist.” Gilbert, Columbia, 194; Wilkerson, Columbia, 83.