James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (187 page)

48. 1QpHab XI.6–8.

49. Cf. 1QpHab XI.14–15 with 1QpHab XII.2–6.

50. 1QpHab XIII.1–4.

51. See, for instance, J.T. Milik,
op. cit
., p. 67f.; F.M. Cross,
op. cit
, p. 153; S. Talmon, ‘
The Calendar Reckoning of the Sect from the Judaean Desert
’ in
Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls
, Jerusalem, 1958, pp. 162–99; A. Jaubert’,
Le calendrier des Jubiles et de la secte de Qumran: Ses origines bibliques
’,
V.T
. 3, 1955, pp. 250–64, etc.

52. This is the position of G. Vermes,
op. cit
., p. 515 and, in fact in all his previous published translations starting in 1962. For my complete translation of the Habakkuk
Pesher
with Hebrew transcription, see
DSSFC
, pp. 403–21.

53. Cf. Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.2–1, quoting Hegesippus and Clement, Jerome,
Vir. ill
. 2, Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 29.4.1–4, 78.7.7–9, and
pars
.

54.
War
2.7/
Ant
. 17.207 in the aftermath of the disturbances in 4 BCE at Herod’s death and leading up to the imposition of direct Roman Rule and the Census of Cyrenius in 6–7
CE
.

55. Cf. Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.15 and pars. and see my
JBJ
, pp. 466–88. etc. Similar versions of this passage with slight lingustic variations in the Greek are to be found in Justin Martyr,
Dial
. 133 and Tertullian,
Adv. Marc
. 3.22.

56. Cf. 1QpHab IX.1 and XII.2–3 and 4QpPs 37 IV.9–11 and see my revised discussion of the parallel of this passage from Isaiah 3:20–11 with its insertion into Column XII of the Habakkuk
Pesher
in
JJHP
in
DSSFC
, pp. 184–95.

Chapter 20

1.
War
1.32.

2. 1QM XII.10/XIX.2.

3. See
ARN
4.4, 19b–20a and cf. Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 30.16.4–6.

4.
Ta
‘
an
. 5b and also see 6a–6b, evoking Isaiah 45:8: ‘
the day on which rain falls is as great as the day Heaven and Earth were created
’ (note the allusion ‘
Heaven and Earth
’ again so often associated with James’ name or being in the sources), and my article ‘
Eschatological
“
Rain
”
Imagery in the War Scroll and the Letter of James
’,
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
49(2), U. of Chicago, reprinted in
DSSFC
, pp. 272–87.

5. See CD VI.10–11 and XX.13–14.

6.
War
1.152–3/
Ant
. 14.72 for Pompey;
War
1.354–7/
Ant
. 14.481–86 for Herod.

7. See
M
.
San
. 6:3–4, 7:5–6 and
San
. 45a–b.

8.
Ant
. 20.214–16.

9. See, for instance, 1QM II.9–14, CD I.5–10, and XX.14–15.

10. 1QpHab IX.9–11.

11. Cf. 1QpHab XI.14–15 with 1QpHab XI.4–7.

12.
C
f. CD I.21–II.1, IV.14–16, ,V.16, VIII.13, etc.

13. See
DSSU
, pp. 222–230, 4Q286 (now called 4Q
Berachot
/Blessings
a
), Fragment 1, Column II.4–6.

14. Cf. 1QpHab IX.12–15 and 1QpHab X.3–5.

15. CD VIII.12–13/XIX.25–26.

16. Cf. 4QpIsa III.11 with 4QpIsa III.20, and cf. 4Q285, Fragment 7, Line 4, but also see 4Q252 (The Genesis
Pesher
) IV.2–5, which also makes reference to ‘
the Staff
’ of CD VI–VII and in no uncertain terms identifies ‘
the Branch of David
’ with ‘
the Messiah of Righteousness
’.

17. 4QpNah I.1–11.

18. See 1QpHab VIII.13 and cf. 1QpHab XII.1–9.

19. Cf. 1QpHab XI.10–11 with 1QpHab XI.12–15.

20. See CD VIII.13/XIX.25–26. Also see ‘
Playing on and Transmuting Words – Interpreting
Abeit-Galuto
in the Haba
k
kuk
Pesher
’, in
DSSFC
, pp. 247–71.

21. Cf. CD III.20–IV.12. These allusions to ‘
circumcision
’ have to be seen as relating to a certain degree to ‘
the Party of the Circumcision
’ associated with James in Jerusalem Paul’s Galatians 2:12–13.

22. Cf.
E.H.
2.1.4–5, 2.23.4 and 18, Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 78.14.5–6, etc. and also see
M
.
San
. 6:3–4, 7:5–6, and
San
. 45a–b.

23. CD IX.17–20, but also see XII.21–23, XIII.7–13, and XV.10–14.

24. Cf. CD VI.17–VII.5.

25. 1QpHab XIII.1–4.

26. Cf.
War
4.146–61 with Matthew 12:5–6 and
pars
. and Acts 24:6–25:8.

27. 1QpHab VIII.13 and XII.8–10.

28. Cf. 4Q286 (‘
The Chariots of Glory
’
–
4Q
Ber
a
), Fragment 1, II.9–12.

29. 1QpHab XII.5–10 and cf. 1QH IV.7–10.

30. 1QpHab XII.7–10.

31. Cf. 4Q
MMT
II.2 and III.29–32 (
DSSU
, pp. 180–200), itself based on Genesis 15:6 and Psalm 106:31, 4:2, 2:16, 2:21–5.

32. Cf. CD VI.15–VII.3 and VIII.4–8/XIX15–20.

33. Cf. Ps.
Rec
. 1.71 with Matthew 17:2, 28:3, Mark 9:3, Luke 9:29 and
pars
. and see
JBJ
, pp. 680–87 and 753–56.

34. 1QS VIII.4–10.

35. Cf. 1QS VIII.1 with Matthew 17:1–8 and
pars
. and Galatians 2:9.

36. Cf. Galatians 2:9 with Matthew 17:1–8 and
pars
. and Galatians 1:19 and 1 Corinthians 15:7 with
E.H
.
1.9–12 and see my section ‘
The Brothers of Jesus as Apostles
’ in
JBJ
, pp. 644–850.

37. For ‘
Balaam
’ as ‘
Swallower of the People
’, see
San
. 106a and cf. my Appendix on ‘
The Three Nets of Belial
’ in
JJHP
, pp. 87–94; for Herod as the first ‘
Innovator
’ into the Religion of the Jews, see
Ant
. 15.365–9.

38. 1QS V.2 and V. 9.

39.
E.H
. 2.23.2–7 and
pars
. Cf. Ezekiel 44: 15–31, Numbers 6:1–27 (following ‘
the Suspected Adulteress
’ material in Chapter 5 so dear to the thoughts of Helen of Adiabene), Jeremiah 35:2–19, and see
JBJ
, pp. 229–47, etc.

40. 1QpHab V.13–VI.11.

41. Cf. Ananus in
War
4.317; Zachariah,
War
4.344.

42 Cf. 4QpIsa II.9–11 and III.15–17 with Revelation 1:7, 14:8–20, 16:17–21, 18:2–19:21 and Hebrews 1:13 and 10:13.

43. Cf. 4QpIsa II.9–11, III.15–17, 1QM XI.9–XII.11, XIX.4–14, CD VII.20–21, and 1QH VII.2 with Matthew 22:44 and
pars
., Acts 2:35, Hebrews 1:13, 10:13, James 2:3, etc., all based on Psalms 110:1, a psalm which also speaks of the cognomen applied to James,
the
‘
Oz-le
-‘
Am
’ and
‘the Day of His Wrath
’.

44. This ideology of the ‘
only-begotten
’ is an important one and we find it applied in Josephus by Helen to her favorite son, her ‘
only-begotten
’ Izates;
Ant
. 20.18.

45.
Haeres
. 30.13.7–8. The Qumran position on this is best seen in 1QH VII.25–27 and IX.29–33.

46. See Jerome,
Vir. ill
. 2 and cf. Ps.
Rec
. 1.71, where James was still limping from his broken leg when he sent Peter out on his first Missionary Journey from outside Jericho.

47.
E.H.
2.1.4, 2.23.3, and 2.23.18 and
pars
.

48.
JBJ
, pp. 444–54.

49. See
War
1.566 and 1.666; however in
Ant
. 18.273 and 20.140, we have a second ‘
Helcias
’, also a Temple Treasurer who was married to another woman within the Herodian family and evidently the aunt of the ‘
Saulos
’ under consideration.

50.
War
2.556–58.

51.
War
2.418 and see my article ‘
Paul as Herodian
’ in
The Journal of Higher Criticism
, III, Spring, 1996, pp. 110–22, reprinted in
DSSFC
, pp. 226–45.

52. Cf. CD I.19–21 with 1QpHab I.6–8.

53. 1QpHab I.10.

54. 1QpHab I.11, which goes on in II.2–10 to describe the Scriptural exegesis sessions of the ‘
Righteous Teacher
’ and his identification with ‘
the Priest
’ or ‘
High Priest
’.

55. 1QpHab XII.11–XIII.1.

56. 1QpHab V.11–12.

57. Cf. 1QpHab V.6–8 with 1QpHab XI.4–15 and see ‘
The Final Proof that James and the Righteous Teacher are the Same
’,
DSSFC
, pp. 332–54.

58. Cf. 1QpHab V.12–14.

59. 1QpHab II.6–10.

60. CD XX.14–15.

Chapter 21

1. Cf. 1QS VII.13 (‘
the Way in the Wilderness
’ exposition in the Community Rule) and CD VI.14–15, XIII.14–15, and XV.7.

2. See 4QpNahII.5–8.

3. 4Q286 (
Ber
a
–
The Chariots of Glory
), Fragment, II.1–11 in
DSSU
, pp. 229–30.

4. 1QpHab X.12–13.

5. Cf. Wisdom 2:16.

6. CD I.1.

7. Cf. Romans 1:14 and Acts 14:1, 18:4, 19:10 and 17, 20:21, etc.

8. Cf. CD VI.17–20, ending with James’ ‘
Royal Law according to the Scripture
’ and leading into the ban on ‘
fornication
’ in VII.1–2, and cf. 4Q486 (‘
The Chariots of Glory
’ in the Section we entitled: ‘
The Splendor of the Spirits
’), Ms. B, Fragment 1, Lines 6–8 in
DSSU
, pp. 222–230.

9. 4Q
MMT
II.56–66.

10. 1QS III.18–IV.26 and cf.
Didache
1.1.

11. 4QpNah III.5–8 and cf. 4QpNah IV.4–8 and the definition of these same ‘
Nilvim
’ in CD IV.2–4, Esther 9:27, Isaiah 56:3–6, and my article ‘“
Joining
”/“
Joiner
,”“‘
Arizei-Go’im,
”
and
“
the Simple of Ephraim
,”
Relating to a Cadre of Gentile
“
God-Fearers
”
at Qumran
’, reprinted in
DSSFC
, pp. 313–31.

12. Cf. 4QNah III.8–9 with CD IV.2–4 and Romans 2:13, 3:20–28, 4:2–5:9, Galatians 2:16–17, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4, etc.

13. Cf. CD VIII.12–13/XIX.25–26.

14. CD VIII.9–23/XIX.23–35.

15. CD XX.2–4.

16. CD XX.6–7.

Chapter 22

1. CD I.21–II.1.

2. CD I.4–5.

3. CD I.10–11.

4. CD I.10 and cf. Acts 9:2, 16:17, 18:25–6, 19:9, 22:4, 24:14, 24:22, etc.