James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls I (123 page)

20. Jerome,
Comm. on Gal.
396 (1:19). For fringes, see Num. 15:38–9.

21. 29.5.7.

22. 30.1.3 and 78.13.2–14.3.

23. Exod. 13:2.

24. 29.5.6.

25. 29.1.3–5.3.

26. 1QS 8.13–14 and 9.9–24.

27. See
War
2.56/
Ant
. 17.261.

28.
EH
1.7.14.

29. 30.2.7 and 30.18.1.

30. 1QM 11.6–17, CD 7.18–8.5, and 4Qtest 9–13, preceded in 5–8 by Deut. 18:18–19 – ‘the True Prophet’.

31.
B. San.
105a–106b.

32. See
Lam. R
. 11.4.

33.
War
6.310–15.

34. 2 Cor. 3:1–4:18 and 10:4–12:11.

Chapter 11

1. 1QpHab 10.9–12.

2. R. Eisler,
The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist
, New York, 1931, pp. 236 and 614–15 points up confusions between the Hebrew/Aramaic word for ‘locusts’ and ‘carobs’.

3. 30.13.4–5.

4. These were placed around the two Inner Courts of the Temple in both Hebrew and Greek, and read, ‘Let no foreigner pass the railing and enter the platform around the Temple. Whoever is caught will have himself to blame for his ensuing death’ or ‘the responsibility for his ensuing death will be upon him’.

5. Ben Sira 52:9.

6. ARN 2.45 (referring to Gen. 6:9).

7. See Acts 3:14, 7:52, and 22:14.

8. CD 2.9–24.

9. Ben Sira 45:24. Cf. 50:24,
Zohar
1.59b on Noah, and 1QM 12.3.

10. 4.218a–b on ‘Phineas’.

11.
B. San.
56a–60a.

12. CD 3.10.

13. 4QpNah 2.1–2 and 1QpHab 10.9–12.

14. 15:20, 15:29, and 21:25.

15. See also Rom. 1:16, 10:12, and Col. 3:11.

16.
Ant.
19.332–4.

17.
Ant.
20.145.

18. Acts 23:17–32.

19.
Ant.
20.189–200.

20.
War
2.427–8.

21.
Ant.
20.216–18.

22. CD 8.42–44 and 11QT 46.11.

23. CD 6.12–7.5.

24.
EH
2.23.4–5;
Haeres
. 78.14.1–2.

25. 78.14.5–6, deleted from
EH
23.2.16–17.

26. 1QS 5.9–11.

27. 1QpHab 7.10–8.3.

28. 29.1.3–5.5.

29. See
Yalqut Shim‘oni
on Jer. 35:12,
Siphre Num.
78 on Num. 10:29, and
B.B
. 91b on ‘Potters’. Also see Eisler, pp. 234–45, for a full presentation of ‘the
Saleb
’.

30. Benjamin of Tudela,
Travels
.

Chapter 12

1. 2.23.5–6.

2. 11.2–8.

3.
Ant.
20.216–18.

4.
Ant
. 20.160–61 and
War
2.253. One should note that the word ‘
Lestes
’ for ‘Brigand’ is the same as that of ‘thief’ in Matt. 27.38.

5.
War
2.58–9.

6. War 2.264–6.

7.
Ant.
20.173–8 and
War
2.266–70.

8. CD 1.17–2.1.

9.
War
2.454–5.

10.
EH
3.3.5, the description of which continues to 3.8.2.

11.
Ant
. 20.180.

12.
Ant.
20.181.

13. See 1QpHab 8.11–9.6 and 12.7–10 on ‘stealing riches’.

14.
War
2.155 and Hippolytus 9.21.

15.
EH
3.31.1–4 and 4.22.4–5.

16. 29.15.1–4.

17. 78.14.1.

18. 78.1.3.

19.
EH
3.18.5.

20. Cf. 9.16 with
War
2.129, 132, and 161.

21.
Haeres.
30.13.4.

22.
Vita
11–12.

23.
Ant.
18.116–19.

24. 1QS 3.3–12 and 20–23.

25.
War
7.270–74.

26. 9.21.
War
2.150–51 quickly brushes by this point.

27.
Ant.
15.373 and
War
2.139–42.

Chapter 13

1. 2.23.7.

2. 78.7.5–9; see also 29.7.1–4.

3. 1QH 2.32–4, 3.25, and 5.13–18. ‘Soul’ here does not refer exactly to what it might mean in Greek, but something more like the ‘quick of life’ or ‘being’.

4. CD 1.20–21.

5. 1QH 2.15–31, 5.22–4, etc.

6. 6.24–7.

7. 7.6–9.

8. 1QpHab 12.2ff., 4QpIs
c
on 14:8ff. and on Zech 11:11/Isa. 30:1ff., 4QpNah. 1.7, and 4QpIsa
a
on 10:33f.

9. Cf. Dan. 7:13–14 with 1QM 11.17–12.10, 19.1–2, Matt. 24:30/26:64 and Mark 13:26/14:64.

10. 8.5–14, 9.3–6, and 19–24.

11. Ben Sira 50:24.

12. CD 7.13 and 8.3–24.

13.
Ant.
14.22–5.

14.
Ta‘an
. 23b.

15. 1.63a and 67b.

16.
Ta‘an.
23a.

17. CD 4.19–20 and 8.12–13.

18. 78.14.1.

19. 1QM 7.6–7.

20. 78.13.3–5; see also 29.4.1.

21. 29.3.3–7 and 51.22.21.

22. 1 Apoc. 29.20, 35.5, 2 Apoc. 55.15–18, 56.16, and 59.25.

23. See 1QH 9.29–35 and 11.9–14.

24. Acts 4:1–5:17,
Ant
. 20.199, and Ps.
Rec
. 1.54.

25.
War
1.68–91/
Ant
. 13.300.

26. 4Q322–24,
DSSU
, pp. 119–27.

27. Probably Herod’s Sanhedrin heads;
Pirke Abbot
1.2–1.15 and ARN 4–13.

28.
Ant.
14.28.

29.
Ant.
14.22–3.

30. Koran 19.22–3.

31.
Ta‘an
. 23a.

32.
Ant.
18.25–8.

33.
War
1.131–2.

34.
War
1.148.

35.
Ant.
14.176 and 15.3.

36. 1.47, 2.13, and
Comm. in Matt.
10.17.

37.
Vir. ill.
2.

38. Luke 21:6, 20–24 and pars.

39. 2.13 – the same section in which he attests that ‘
Sicarii
’ are immediately put to death.

40.
Contra Celsus
1.47.

41. Ibid.

42. 2.17.

43.
EH
2.23.20.

44. Cf.
War
2.651 abd 4,314–25 with
Vita
74–76, 189–261, 309–10.

45.
War
4.319–20.

46.
War
6.378–86.

47.
War
4.324–5.

Chapter 14

1. 2.1.4–5.

2. 2.23.2–3.

3.
Vir. ill.
2.

4. 4.20.7–8.

5.
Ta‘an.
23a–b.

6.
Ant.
18.6–10 and
War
6.3130–15.

7. 1QpHab 9.4–7.

8. 12.14–13.4.

9. 1QM 6.6 and 7.3–7 (as opposed to ‘
the uncircumcised in heart and body
’ of Ezek. 44:7).

10. 7.7–10 and 9.8–9.

11. 10.8–14 and 11.3–10.

12. 11.4–12, as is the exegesis in the Damascus Document.

13. In Acts 7:56, this is ‘standing’.

14. 1QM 11.9–13; see also
Zohar
4.19a on ‘Balak and Balaam’.

15. CD 7.19–20.

16. See Koran 73.12, 74.26 and 46, 82.8–19, etc.

17. 1QM 11.11–14.

18. 1QM 11.17–12.3.

19. 12.4–9.

20. 18.12–19.4.

21. 1QpHab 7.1–14.

22. CD 9.1.

23. 1QpHab 5.8–12.

24. 4QpNah 1.11f.

25. 1QpHab 11.2–12.10.

26. 1QpHab 11.2–15.

27. Ps.
Rec.
1.70.

28.
Vir. ill.
2; cf.
EH
2.23.18.

29.
Ant.
15.320–32.

30. CD 5.7, Matt. 26:28 and par, and I Cor 10:16 and 11:25.

31. CD 5.13–15, 6.14–17, and 8.3–13.

32. 4QpNah 3.1 and 1QpHab 10.8–11.

33. 4QpNah 3.2–10 and 4.4–5.

34. Rom. 12:1–5, I Cor. 3.9–17, and 12:12–27.

35.
Dial
. 136–7; so does Hegesippus in Palestine, more or less contemporary with him, but rather to
James
. For 1QpHab 12.2–3 and 4QpPs 37 4.8–11, its language is being applied to the death or destruction of
the Righteous Teacher
.

Chapter 15

1.
Haeres.
78.13.2 and 14.5.

2. 78.14.6 (
EH
2.23.27).

3.
Haeres
. 30.3.1.

4. Cf. I Apoc. Jas. 34.15 with
EH
3.5.3 and
Haeres
. 29.7.7–8.

5. Epist. B. 6 (also alluding to the ‘Primal Adam’).

6. 63,15–30.

7. 63.15 (Ps.
Rec.
1.70–71).

8.
Vir. ill
. 2; also
Adv. Hel
. 21, in which, developiing Epiphanius 78.14.3’s theme of the ‘sons of Joseph following the virgin life-style’, he maintains
both
Mary
and
Joseph were virgins.

9.
Vir. ill.
2.

10.
Ant.
20.197–8.

11.
Ant.
20.10–16.

12. Ps.
Rec.
1.54.

13.
MZCQ
, pp. 41–5.

14. Acts 11:27 and 13:1.

15.
Ant.
14.83–96 and 18.116–19.

16. ARN 5.2.

17.
Ant.
20.180 and 205–8.

18.
Ant.
20.215.

19.
Vita
65.

20.
Ant.
20.251.

21. Cf. 1QpHab 11.6–12.10 and CD 1.19–21.

22.
War
2.243–47/
Ant
. 20.137.

23. Cf. 1QpHab 12.6 with 1QH 4.10.

24.
Vita
343–4.

25.
Ant.
20.204–7.

26.
War
2.255–7.

27.
War
4.323–4.

28.
Ant
. 20.166.

29.
War
6.312–15.

30.
War
6.288–9.

31.
War
7.407–53.

32.
War
2.411–14.

33.
Ant
. 20.205–10.

34.
Ant.
20.118–33.

35.
Ant
. 20.167; also
War
2.259 and 2.264–5.

36.
War
2.261–3/
Ant
. 20.169–72.

37.
Ant.
18.85–7.

38.
Haeres.
20.3.4 and Ps.
Hom.
2.23.

39.
Ant.
20.173–81.

40.
Ant
. 20.183–4.

41.
Ant.
20.178.

42.
Ant.
20.14.

43.
War
2.253.

44.
Ant.
20.131–6/
War
2.242–6.

45.
Ant.
20.181.

46.
Ant.
20.206–7.

47.
Ant.
20.188.

48.
Ant
. 15.252–66/
War
1.486–7.

49.
Ant.
20.189–91.

50. 11QT 46.9–18, referring to lepers; also see 4QMMT 1.47–62, referring to the blind and deaf.

51.
War
1.401, 5.36–8,
Ant
. 15.380–425, 19.326, and 20.219–20.

52.
War
2.225.

53.
War
2.224.

54. 2.254–7.

55. For Poppea, see
Ant
. 20.195; regarding Helcias, and
Vita
16, and see the allusions to ‘Joiners’/‘joining’ in CD 4.2 and 4QpNah 2.9 and 3.5, denoting ‘resident aliens’.

56. Phil. 4:18–22, also mentioning Epaphroditus.

57. The observation is Josephus’;
Ant.
20.252–7.

58.
Vita
13.

59.
Vita
360.

Chapter 16

1. Acts 23:2.

2.
Ant.
20.211–12.

3.
Ant.
20.214.

4. 1QpHab 8.8–13.

5. 1QpHab 12.6–10.

6.
Ant
. 18.138, suggested to me by Nikos Kokkinos of London in 1986.

7.
War
2.449–56.

8.
War
4.140–365.

9.
Ad Cor.
5 (attributed to Clement of Rome), Tertullian,
Haer
. 36,
EH
2.25.5, and 3.1.2, quoting Origen’s
Commentary on Genesis
.

10. Jerome,
Vir. ill.
11 considers them authentic, as does Augustine.

11.
Ant.
20.141–4.

12.
Ant.
20.143.

13. Acts 13:1–12. It is in the aftermath of this that John Mark breaks with Paul and returns to Jerusalem (13:13).

14.
Ant.
19.332–5.

15.
War
4.319–20.

16. Cf. 1QS 8.21–4, CD 8.28–36, and 4QD266.14–16. Also see
War
2.143–4 on those ‘expelled from the (Essene) Community’.

17.
War
2.270/
Ant.
20.182–4 and
Ant.
20.193–6 – ‘the Temple Wall Affair’.

18. 1QpHab 5.8–12.

Chapter 17

1.
Vir. ill.
2.

2.
B. San.
45b–446b, 49b–50b, 53a–56b, etc., Lev. 24:14–16, and Deut. 17:2–5.

3.
EH
3.33.

4.
EH
3.20.1–4.

5. 2 Apoc. Jas. 62.10.

6. Appanius,
Civil Wars
1.120. For beheading in the
Talmud
, see
San
. 37b, 49b–56b, and
Ket
. 30b.

7.
San
. 45a–b and
Ket.
30a–b.

8.
B. San.
56a–b and 60a.

9. 4Q246,
DSSU
, pp. 68–71.

10. Cf. Mark 11:15–18 and pars. With John 2:13–22.

11. Cf. Gen. 4:26 (Enosh), 12:8 and 14:4 (Abraham) with Exod. 3:14–15 (Moses).