Ireland (2 page)

History, I hear you complain with a great sigh of resignation. History can be boring. It’s all about dates and battles and the names of kings and queens who are long dead. Well, yes, I agree, history is about those things. But it’s also about much more than that. It’s about the men and women and children from the past and how they lived and died. Those children didn’t have to go to school but that doesn’t mean that their life was easy. I’m sure they had to work hard doing chores just as you do today. In fact, they were just like you, with the same hopes and dreams as you have today – to be happy and contented and to live a long and interesting life.

Today, you usually learn about history from books. Ever since man discovered a means of writing he has left records. The first writings were scratched on tablets of clay. Men also inscribed the exploits of their peoples and their rulers on buildings and on tombs and on stone. Later, men discovered ways of making paper. The Egyptians made paper from papyrus reeds and used a pictorial type of writing called hieroglyphics. They also inscribed hieroglyphics on their tombs and buildings. From all those writings we can learn about the people who lived at that time.

The first people who came to Ireland did not have writing, so how can we know their history? Or how can we know what Ireland was like before those first people arrived? Luckily, there are ways, other than writing, of discovering what a country was like thousands of years ago, and how its people lived.

So let’s go back to that time before people arrived in Ireland. It is a time when the country resembled Antarctica as we know it today, and almost the whole country was covered in a giant ice cap. Let’s go back to what we call the Great Ice Age, just before the beginning of the exciting history of Ireland and its people.

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ntil 9,000 years ago there were no humans living in Ireland. People could not have survived because the climate was bitterly cold. It was so cold that most of the country was covered by a gigantic ice cap. This was hundreds of metres deep in places, especially in the northern part of the country. It was so heavy that it pressed down the land, just like what happens to a piece of foam rubber if you place a heavy book on it. We don’t know why the country was so cold, but we know this icecap existed because it has left evidence behind of its presence.

Wherever there are icecaps, there are also glaciers. A glacier is a gigantic river of ice. As you know, rivers flow and so do glaciers, but they do not flow as fast as a river. A glacier moves so slowly that its movement is hardly noticeable. As it creeps forward, it gouges out the earth beneath and to each side of it, creating valleys and fjords in the process. Killary Harbour, a fjord on the border of Counties Mayo and Galway, was carved out by a gigantic glacier, and is the only fjord in Ireland.

As a glacier creeps forward, it collects debris – soil and ground-up rock and sand and grit. When it eventually melts it deposits this debris, which forms small round hills or long ridges. In Ireland these hills are called drumlins and the ridges are called eskers. Most of them are in the north of the country and many Irish place names have the word ‘drumlin’ or ‘esker’ in them. There is other evidence, too, for the presence of glaciers in Ireland. When they move across solid rock they scrape it, and we can still see these scrape marks today in various parts of the country.

So until around 10,000 years ago, Ireland was like Antarctica is today, though we did not have penguins in Ireland. In fact, during the Great Ice Age, which is what we call that time, few animals could have survived the bitter cold.

Then the climate changed and the ice slowly melted. We don’t really know why this happened, only that it did. With all that weight gone, the land must have given a great sigh of relief as it rose up, just like that piece of foam rubber when the book is lifted from it. At Courtmacsherry, County Cork, you can see beaches high above the beach on which you sunbathe or build sandcastles. This tells us that at the time of the Ice Age the land had been pressed down to the level of the raised beach. Ireland is still rising out of the sea, but so slowly that it will be thousands of years before there is a noticeable change.

Once the ice melted, vegetation grew. Gradually, over the next 1,000 years or so Ireland was covered with a giant forest. During this time one of the most amazing Irish animals lived – the giant elk or deer. He was 3 metres or more in height and his antlers were even wider. As the forest expanded, the elk became extinct. It is thought that his antlers were so wide that they caught in the branches of trees and he could no longer find food.

Other animals survived, like brown bears and wolves and foxes and wild boar. There were fish in the rivers and in the seas and, of course, there were birds. As the vegetation expanded there were fruits and nuts and tubers and fungi. There was an abundance of food for anyone who cared to come and hunt or fish, or gather fruit and nuts and fungi.

By this time, people lived throughout much of Europe and had found their way to Britain and other parts of the world. But, as yet, they had not travelled to Ireland. All that was about to change and the history of Ireland really begin.

We don’t exactly know when the first humans came to Ireland, or where they came from. Some historians believe that the first people came from Greece and died of plague. Others believe that the first people were the Formorians, who were said to have come from Africa, and were descended from Noah. After them came the Fir Bolgs and still later the Tuatha Dé Danann, who were said to have magical powers. Then the Milesians came and conquered the Tuatha Dé Danann, who then retreated underground and became the fairies of Irish legends.

As this is clearly part of myth and legend, you can see that it’s not easy to know the early history of the people who first came here. The stories about them were not written until thousands of years after they first came. Instead, the stories were passed down by word of mouth, and no doubt were added to and exaggerated so that it’s difficult now to tell truth from myth.

But luckily there is physical evidence of the presence of the first people who came to Ireland long ago. This evidence exists at the places where they lived and died. In Ireland, these places are around the coast of County Antrim and further west at Mount Sandal in County Derry.

The nearest land to the County Antrim coast is the west coast of Scotland. So we assume that those first settlers came from there. On a clear day you can see the Irish coastline from Scotland. So the people who lived on the Scottish shores 9,000 years ago must have looked west many times and wondered about the land they could see across the sea.

These people were hunter-gatherers. They lived in tents made of animal skins or huts made of brush. They hunted and fished for their food and gathered berries, fruits and nuts, and fungi and edible roots. When animals and other food sources became scarce, they gathered up their belongings and moved on to where there was food. Because of this, they were used to moving to and exploring new places.

Now, all creatures are curious. Not only do they like to explore their own environment but they also like to explore the world about them. Just observe the behaviour of a new puppy. It will dash about the house, looking and sniffing at everything. If you open a cupboard, it will scamper inside to see what’s in there. If you open a door it will rush through to see what lies beyond.

Humans are just as curious as any puppy. But they go further than mere curiosity. They ask questions. One day a man must have stood at the edge of the sea in Scotland, looked west to Ireland and wondered about that land. What sort of land was it? Who, if anyone, lived there? Should he travel there and explore it?

Can you picture him? He’s probably not tall, because we think that people were smaller long ago. He’s probably short and stocky, but strong and healthy too. There were few medicines in those times and if he became ill, or was injured, it was likely that he would die.

He’s wearing simple breeches made of cured animal skins and probably some sort of vest or tunic, also made of skins. His feet are bare, or he may be wearing simple leather sandals, or leather thongs wrapped around his feet. His body is smeared with the juice of berries or with chalk, and almost certainly so is his face. He may have crude tattoos on his skin and even have body piercings, just as some people do today.

His hair is wild and matted and he’s carrying a flint axe or spear and possibly a flint knife. For danger lurks all about. He might be attacked at any time by a wild animal or by men from another tribe living in the vicinity. Perhaps he and his tribe are in danger from other tribes who live close by, and he is thinking that he might find safety in that land across the sea.

At one time Ireland was joined to Scotland and you could walk from one country to another. We think that this was how all those animals came to Ireland when the ice began to melt. But by 9,000 years ago, that linking piece of land had become submerged beneath the sea as the ice melted and sea levels rose. This is why we assume that the first men who travelled to Ireland did so in a boat.

This may have been a dugout canoe, which is formed by gouging out the inside of a huge log and shaping one end into a V shape so that it will cut easily through the water. Or perhaps the boat had a simple wooden frame covered with animal skins and probably caulked (sealed) with pitch. Whichever it was, it would have been a very frail craft for a sea journey and those first humans who crossed the sea to Ireland must have been very brave indeed. Not only were they going to be at the mercy of the sea, but they didn’t know whether they might encounter hostile people or fierce wild animals in the new land.

They would have planned for the journey, taking with them on the boat meat and fish and maybe nuts and edible roots. Water would have been essential, and they would have brought a number of boars’ bladders filled with water, the openings carefully tied off so that none of the precious liquid should spill.

They would also have brought other essential items with them. These would have been cutters and scrapers made from flint. They would also have brought some flint-tipped spears and flint axes with which to defend themselves and for hunting when they reached land. It’s possible that they also had some form of net, probably made from lengths of plaited strips of bark or even from animal sinews, with which they could catch fish. They would also have small pieces of flint and tinder with them so that they could light a fire when they arrived in the new land.

With other members of their group watching apprehensively from the edge of the water they would have launched their boat, scrambled aboard and with simple oars pulled away from the shore. They would have left at dawn on a calm summer morning with the intention of reaching their destination by nightfall. Perhaps the women and children were crying, unsure if they would ever see their loved ones again.

Though they did not write things down, nor paint pictures on the walls of caves, nor carve sculptures in stone, these people still left evidence of their existence. We have found their flint tools and the bones of the animals and fish they ate and the shells of the hazelnuts they gathered and the ashes from their cooking fires.

Just close your eyes for a moment and imagine them gathered around a huge blazing fire eating roast boar. You can almost smell it! When they’ve eaten, someone starts to recount the story of that day’s hunt; or perhaps a hunt from the past. There’s no sound to be heard except the crackle of the fire and the voice of the hunter as he recounts the moment when the boar charged and he thought he would be killed. As his voice drops at the moment of greatest suspense, everyone is listening enthralled. Just look at the faces of those children with their eyes wide open in amazement. Aren’t they just like you as you watch an episode of your favourite programme on TV?

Now glance at a man or a woman sitting around that fire. Could they be your ancestors, or even mine? How can we know? Perhaps that storyteller is your great-great-great – imagine a page of greats – grandfather from 9,000 years ago. But he, too, had a father and a grandfather and a great-grandfather – and so we go on back further and further in time. How far back? Again we do not know.

Now do you see why those people from 9,000 years ago and those who came before them and after them are relevant to us today? It’s why history is so important. History tells us about who we are and where we came from – it tells us about those people who lived and died thousands of years before we were even born. Without them, you see, we wouldn’t exist.

Their history is our history, all 9,000 years of it. It’s the link between all those people who have lived and us. In a thousand years from now people will look back at us and see us as part of history. And just as you wouldn’t like them to think that we were of little importance, so we should not think that those who came before us are not important either.

So though history is all about the past, it is very relevant to us living here in the present too. And now that you realise this, sit back and let’s see what happened to all those people who lived and died in Ireland over the past 9,000 years. At times it is a sad story, but it is also a thrilling and exciting story – the story of Ireland and its people.

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he first people who came to Ireland lived during the Stone Age. We call it the Stone Age because the tools they used were made from stone. The Stone Age is divided into three periods – Old Stone Age, Middle Stone Age and New Stone Age – by the type of stone tools used. In the Old Stone Age simple tools were made from stone. By the Middle Stone Age tools were made from flint. During the New Stone Age, these flint tools were highly crafted. We know from tools found at the sites where those people first settled that they lived in the Middle Stone Age.

Over time, other people came to Ireland. They came from Scotland and other parts of Britain, and from Europe and Scandinavia. Gradually these people moved inland, hunting and gathering food. It is likely that those different groups met and fought each other, but it’s equally likely that they became friends and joined together.