Insectopedia (68 page)

13.
Ibid., 550.

14.
Michel Lecoq, “Recent Progress in Desert and Migratory Locust Management in Africa: Are Preventative Actions Possible?”
Journal of Orthoptera Research
10, no. 2 (2001): 277–91; Joffe,
Desert Locust Management;
Rowley and Bennett,
Grasshoppers and Locusts.

15.
Alpha Gado,
Histoire des famines au Sahel
, 49.

16.
Joffe,
Desert Locust Management;
Mousseau and Mittal,
Sahel;
Rowley and Bennett,
Grasshoppers and Locusts.

17.
See Emmanuel Grégoire,
The Alhazai of Maradi: Traditional Hausa Merchants in a Changing Sahelian City
, trans. Benjamin H. Hardy (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992).

18.
For a detailed and insightful analysis of these colonial fiscal strategies, their long-term trajectories, and their contemporary effects, see Janet Roitman,
Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004).

19.
Barbara M. Cooper,
Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900–1989
(Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1997), xxxv.

20.
See Barbara M. Cooper, “Anatomy of a Riot: The Social Imaginary, Single Women, and Religious Violence in Niger,”
Canadian Journal of African Studies
37, nos. 2–3 (2003): 467–512.

21.
Grégoire,
Alhazai of Maradi
, 11, 92.

22.
The recent surge in interest in nuclear energy as a “green” fuel, the depletion of stockpiles in the United States and the European Union, and the rush to build a large number of nuclear power stations over the next decade in Asia and Europe have pushed the price of uranium up significantly, giving the Nigerien government added incentive to resolve the Tuareg rebellion.

23.
David Loyn, “How Many Dying Babies Make a Famine?” BBC News, August 10, 2005,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4139174.stm
. See also “Editor’s Instinct Led to Story,” BBC News, August 2, 2005,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ifs/hi/newsid_4730000/newsid_4737600/
4737695.stm
.

24.
See Jean-François Bayart’s discussion of “extraversion” in
The State in Africa: The
Politics of the Belly
, trans. Mary Harper, Christopher Harrison, and Elizabeth Harrison (London: Longman, 1993).

1.
Dorothy Gladys Spicer,
Festivals of Western Europe
(New York: H. W. Wilson, 1958), 97–98. My thanks to Gabrielle Popoff for sensitive translation and research work on this chapter and to Riccardo Innocenti for sharing his memories of the
festa.

2.
Timothy Egan, “Exploring Tuscany’s Lost Corner,”
New York Times
, May 21, 2006.

3.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
Italian Journey, 1786–1788
, trans. W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer (London: Penguin Books, 1962), 117.

4.
Peter Dale, “The Voice of the Cicadas: Linguistic Uniqueness, Tsunoda Tadanobu’s Theory of the Japanese Brain and Some Classical Perspectives,”
Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics
1, no. 6 (1993).

5.
Giacomo Leopardi,
Zibaldone dei pensieri
, ed. Rolando Damiani (Milan, Italy: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1997), 1:189. For an elaboration of this thinking in relation to birds, see David Rothenberg, especially his fascinating discussion of the biologist Wallace Craig. Rothenberg,
Why Birds Sing: A Journey into the Mystery of Bird Song
(New York: Basic Books, 2006), 123–28.

6.
I have drawn heavily here on Jack Zipes’s informative introduction to Carlo Collodi,
Pinocchio
, trans. Mary Alice Murray (London: Penguin, 2002), ix–xviii.

7.
Collodi,
Pinocchio
, 14.

8.
Agostino Lapini,
Diario fiorentino dal 252 al 1596 [Florentine Diary 252–1596
], ed. Gius. Odoardo Corazzini (Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1900), 217.

9.
Frances Toor,
Festivals and Folkways of Italy
(New York: Crown, 1953), 245. As with the fighting crickets of Shanghai, it is only the males who sing.

10.
For a brief background to the Cascine and the
festa
, see Alta Macadam,
Blue Guide: Florence
(London: Somerset Books, 2005), 265; Cinzie Dugo, “The Cricket Feast,”
http://www.florence-concierge.it
; and Riccardo Gatteschi, “La festa del grillo,” Coop Unicoop Firenze,
http://www.coopfirenze.it/informazioni/speciali/articoli/5464
.

11.
Feliciano Philipp,
Protection of Animals in Italy
(Rome: National Fascist Organization for the Protection of Animals, 1938), 5, 9, 8, 4.

12.
Martin Heidegger,
What Is Called Thinking?
trans. J. Glenn Gray (New York: HarperPerennial, 1976), 16.

13.
Martin Heidegger,
The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude
, trans. William McNeill and Nicholas Walker (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 176.

14.
Karl Jacoby, “Slaves by Nature? Domestic Animals and Human Slaves,”
Slavery and Abolition
15 (1994): 89–99.

15.
Philipp,
Protection of Animals
, 19.

16.
Mauro Bottigelli quoted in Nicole Martinelli, “Italians Protest ‘Beastly’ Traditions after Palio Race Death,” Zoomata: A Close-up on Italy, August 17, 2004,
http://zoomata.com/index.php/?p=1069
.

17.
And all of them, I suspect, despite their differences, could agree with the philosopher Ian Hacking when he argues that “expanding the circle of moral concern” to include animals demands a sympathy with—rather than a sympathy for—more
than just pain and suffering; it demands a “range of sympathies” such that one can, as Hacking puts it, “resonate to the state of the animal,” resonate, that is, as two tuning forks of equal pitch—even at a distance—resonate when only one is played. Hacking, “On Sympathy: With Other Living Creatures,”
Tijdschrift voor Filosofie
63, no. 4 (2001): 703. Similar arguments, more poetically rendered, can be found in several of Alphonso Lingis’s brilliant essays; see, for example, “The Rapture of the Deep,” in
Excesses: Eros and Culture
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 2–16; “Antarctic Summer,” in
Abuses
(New York: Routledge, 1994), 91–101; and “Bestiality,” in
Dangerous Emotions
(New York: Routledge, 2000), 25–39.

18.
See the news articles collected by Ufficio per i diritti degli animali,
http://www.comune.firenze.it/servizi_pubblici/animali/grillo2001.htm
.

1.
George O. Krizek, “Unusual Interaction between a Butterfly and a Beetle: ‘Sexual Paraphilia’ in Insects?,”
Tropical Lepidoptera
3, no. 2 (1992): 118.

2.
Plutarch,
Moralia
, trans. Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold, Loeb Classical Library 406 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), 12.989.519–20.

3.
Paul L. Vasey and Volker Sommer, “Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: Topics, Hypotheses and Research Trajectories,” in
Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective
, ed. Volker Sommer and Paul L. Vasey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 5. I have drawn extensively on Vasey and Sommer’s useful essay in this section. See also the immense labor of love that is Bruce Bagemihl’s
Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Bagemihl adopts a very generous (and therefore contentious) definition of sex that allows him to include many interactions that might otherwise be construed as nonsexually social. But he effectively demonstrates his key point: that nonreproductive sex among animals is far more varied and widespread than scientists, for various reasons, have allowed. See also Joan Roughgarden,
Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), and the essays collected in Sommer and Vasey,
Homosexual Behaviour in Animals.

4.
Antonio Berlese,
Gli insetti: loro organizzazione, sviluppo, abitudini e rapporti
coll’uomo
[
The Insects: Their Organization, Development, Habits, and Relationship with Man
], vol. 2 (Milan, Italy: Società Editrice Libraria, 1909), quoted in Edward M. Barrows and Gordon Gordh, “Sexual Behavior in the Japanese Beetle,
Popillia japonica
, and Comparative Notes on Sexual Behavior of Other Scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae),”
Behavioral Biology
23 (1978): 341–54.

5.
Vasey and Sommer, “Homosexual Behaviour in Animals,” 20.

6.
Scott P. McRobert and Laurie Tompkins, “Two Consequences of Homosexual Courtship Performed by
Drosophila melanogaster
and
Drosophila affinis
Males,”
Evolution
42, no. 5 (1988): 1093–97.

7.
Adrian Forsyth and John Alcock, “Female Mimicry and Resource Defense Polygyny by Males of a Tropical Rove Beetle,
Leistotrophus versicolor
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae),”
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
26 (1990): 325–30.

8.
George D. Constantz, “The Mating Behavior of a Creeping Water Bug,
Ambrysus
occidentalis
(Hemiptera: Naucoridae),”
American Midland Naturalist
92, no. 1 (1974): 237.

9.
Barrows and Gordh, “Sexual Behavior in the Japanese Beetle,” 351.

10.
Kikuo Iwabuchi, “Mating Behavior of
Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus
Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) V. Female Mounting Behavior,”
Journal of Ethology
5 (1987): 131–36.

11.
See Vasey and Sommer, “Homosexual Behaviour in Animals,” 20–31.

12.
Vasey, “The Pursuit of Pleasure: An Evolutionary History of Female Homosexual Behaviour in Japanese Macaques,” in Sommer and Vasey,
Homosexual Behaviour in Animals
, 215.

13.
Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin launched their counterattack to “hyperadaptationist” theory in the following terms: “We fault the adaptationist programme for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin …; for its unwillingness to consider alternatives to adaptive stories; for its reliance upon plausibility alone as a criterion for accepting speculative tales; and for its failure to consider adequately … competing themes.” Gould and Lewontin, “The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
205 (1979): 581–98. See also two articles by Stephen Jay Gould, “Exaptation: A Crucial Tool for an Evolutionary Psychology,”
Journal of Social Issues
47, no. 3 (1991): 43–65; and “The Exaptive Excellence of Spandrels as a Term and Prototype,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
94, no. 20 (1997): 10750–55.

1.
David Jack, “2,000 Pound Fine for Importer of Animal ‘Snuff’ Videos,”
Scotsman
, August 1, 1998; Damien Pearse, “Man Fined for Obscene ‘Crush’ Videos,” Press Association, Home News, January 16, 1999.

2.
The Mo Show
, FOX TV, January 31, 1994.

3.
Jeff Vilencia,
American Journal of the Crush-Freaks
(Bellflower, Calif.: Squish Publications) 1 (1993): 145–48.

4.
Ibid., 1:130.

5.
Ibid., 1:10, 149.

6.
As well as from my conversations with Jeff Vilencia, the narrative in this section draws heavily on Martin Lasden’s excellent “Forbidden Footage,”
California Lawyer
, September 2000,
http://www.callawyer.com/story.cfmpubdt=NaN&eid=306417&;evid=1
; Dan Kapelovitz, “Crunch Time for Crush Freaks: New Laws Seek to Stamp Out Stomp Flicks,”
Hustler
, May 2000; and Patrick Califia, “Boy-Lovers, Crush Videos, and That Heinous First Amendment,” in
Speaking Sex to Power: The Politics
of Queer Sex
(San Francisco: Cleis Press, 2001), 257–77.