Infamy (40 page)

At the same time:
JAH
, p. 269.

Methodist bishop:
Daniels, Taylor, and Kitano,
Relocation to Redress
, p. 118.

Following President:
Robert Asahina,
Just Americans: How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad
(New York: Gotham Books, 2006), p. 51 et al.

“Last Tuesday”:
HAY, p. 59.

the young men:
JAH
, p. 61

At Heart Mountain:
Ibid., p. 66.

Question 28 was worse:
Question 28 asked: “Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any and all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government power or organization?” The male citizens answered question 28 as follows: 15,011, “yes”; 340, “qualified yes”; 4,414, “no”; 375, “qualified no”; 128 made no reply. In other words, 73.7 percent answered affirmatively; 21.7 percent answered negatively. Of the female citizens, 15,671 answered “yes”; 376, “qualified yes”; 1,919, “no”; 210, “qualified no”; 226, “no reply”—85 percent affirmatively, 10.4 percent negatively. Of the male aliens, 20,197 answered “yes”; 137, “no” (96.4 percent affirmative, 0.7 percent negative). Of the female aliens, 14,712 (96.5 percent) answered “yes”; 263 (1.8 percent), “no.” Considering the entire group, citizens and aliens alike, and before any changes were made in the replies given, 65,079 (87.4 percent) answered “yes”; 6,733 (9 percent) answered “no.”

James Hatsuki:
Daniels, Taylor, and Kitano,
Relocation to Redress
, p. 7.

Two days later:
Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p. 148.

Easter Sunday of 1943:
Tamura,
Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence
, p. 104 et al.

Still, no matter:
Everett M. Rogers and Nancy R. Bartlit,
Silent Voices of World War II: When Sons of the Land of Enchantment Met Sons of the Land of the Rising Sun
(Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press, 2005). p. 182.

Earl Warren, now:
Katcher,
Earl Warren
, p. 148 et al.; Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 154.

“There isn’t any”:
PJ
, p. 220 et al.

The same day:
Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 163 et al.

Representative John Costello:
Ibid., p. 151.

The press continued:
De Nevers,
The Colonel and the Pacifist
, p. 223.

“Soft restraint”:
“Says Japs Benefit: Representative Asserts Camps Get Scarce Foodstuffs,”
New York Times
, January 10, 1943.

One of them, Congressman:
Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 229.

On December 6:
Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 250.

CHAPTER 7

After his Easter:
HAY, p. 72.

That same day:
Ibid.

Senator Chandler:
Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 64; HOS, p. 377.

In a smaller:
HOS, p. 376.

High school graduations:
Calisphere,
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3c6003sr/
.

And Stanley:
HAY, p. 89.

On the seventeenth of:
Ibid., p. 86.

In late August:
Ibid., p. 87 et al.

Even Hayami’s brother:
Ibid., p. 85.

In September of 1943:
Estes and Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron.”

A state assembly:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 259.

Governor Warren then:
Ibid., p. 263.

Dorothea Lange, already:
Linda Gordon and Gary Y. Okihiro,
Impounded: Dorothea Lange and the Censored Images of Japanese American Internment
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006), p. 5.

Adams, the visual:
Ansel Adams,
Born Free and Equal: The Story of Loyal Japanese Americans, Manzanar Relocation Center, Inyo County, California
(New York: U.S. Camera Publishing, 1944), p. 13.

During 1943, the:
McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 257.

Within days, the WRA:
Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 248.

At the beginning:
Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 156.

WRA director Myer:
PJ
, p. 208.

At its peak, Tule Lake:
Jim Tanimoto,
A Frightening Incident in Tule Lake
, DOH, December 10, 2009.

The extra contingents:
Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 161.

Jim Tanimoto, classified as:
Tanimoto,
A Frightening Incident
.

Most nights:
Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 127 et al.

California’s former immigration:
Martin,
Boy from Nebraska
.

On January 14:
Fife
(Washington)
Free Press
, April 8, 2009, p. 1.

At the same time:
Ronald Magden,
Robert Mizukami Interview Segment 12
, DOH, April 11, 2000. Web, accessed December 22, 2010.

The Uchida family:
Uchida,
Desert Exile
, p. 141.

Earlier in 1943:
Most Honorable Son
, directed by Bill Kubota, DVD (PBS Home Video, 2007).

Kuroki continued on:
Martin,
Boy from Nebraska
, p. 155 et al.;
Most Honorable Son
.

Frank Emi:
Remarks before Association for Asian-American Studies, Washington State University, March 24, 1988.

Then Kuroki:
Most Honorable Son
.

Two days later:
Martha Ferguson McKeown, “He Was an American at Birth—and in Death,”
Portland Oregonian
, May 25, 1946. Ms. McKeown was a teacher in Hood River and Hachiya had been one of her students.

CHAPTER 8

In the first week:
Anne O’Hare McCormick, “The Outlook from a Japanese Relocation Camp,”
New York Times
, January 8, 1944.

Secretary of War:
Greg Robinson,
A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), p. 251; Smith,
Democracy on Trial
, p. 369.

After the meeting:
Smith,
Democracy on Trial
, p. 370.

“The more I think”:
Ibid., p. 369.

On May 24, 1944:
Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, pp. 43 et al., 280–81; Weglyn,
Years of Infamy
, p. 312.

A grand jury:
JAH
, p. 162; Frank Abe,
Frank Emi Interview Segment 20
, DOH, January 30, 1998. Web, accessed December 22, 2010.

After their second:
JAH
, p. 162; Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 127.

Before the trial:
Ernest Besig Interview Segment 4
, DENSHO, October 1, 1992; Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 128.

In spite:
Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 127.

Besig, had been trying:
Ibid., p. 128.

Whatever his skills:
John Christgau, “Collins versus the World: The Fight to Restore Citizenship to Japanese-American Renunciants of World War II,”
Pacific Historical Review
54, no. 1 (February 1985).

Back in Washington:
Smith,
Democracy on Trial
, p. 327.

Though only 117:
Drinnon,
Keeper of Concentration Camps
, p. 126.

George Nakamura:
Smith,
Democracy on Trial
, p. 284.

The breakup:
Gruenewald,
Looking Like the Enemy
, p. 154 et al.

Stanley Hayami:
HAY, p. 105.

Yet, at the same time:
Ibid., pp. 115, 57.

The class of 1944:
Manzanar yearbook, Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles.

“This will probably”:
Oppenheim,
Dear Miss Breed
, p. 217.

The talk:
Ibid., p. 214.

Tom Kawaguchi:
Asahina,
Just Americans
, p. 51.

Stanley Hayami:
HAY, p. 125.

Back “home”:
Ibid., p. 137.

“Chicago is”:
Oppenheim,
Dear Miss Breed
, p. 225.

“I have heard”:
Ibid., p. 234.

CHAPTER 9

On May 28, 1942:
Estes and Estes, “Hot Enough to Melt Iron.”

Because of the One Hundredth’s:
C. Douglas Sterner,
Go for Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry
(Clearfield, UT: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008), p. 17;
www.goforbroke.org/history/history_historical_veterans_100th.asp
.

One of the men chosen:
Ken Burns and Lynn Novick,
The War
, PBS, September 2007. Web, accessed July 14, 2011.

Not surprisingly:
Calisphere,
content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1h4n99xm/
.

Commanding officers:
Asahina,
Just Americans
, p. 59.

The mainlanders had lighter:
Sterner,
Go for Broke
, p. 20; Asahina,
Just Americans
, p. 60.

At Shelby:
Asahina,
Just Americans
, p. 60.

“Arriving”:
Ibid., p. 62 et al.

As the mainland:
Sterner,
Go for Broke
, p. 10.

The 442nd left:
Ibid., p. 37.