India After Gandhi (138 page)

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Authors: Ramachandra Guha

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Gopal, Nehru, vol. 2, pp. 227–30; Moraes, India Today, p. 191. Among the topics discussed by Nehru and Mao was the possibility of an atomic war between the superpowers. When the Indian said he dreaded the prospect, the Chinese leader answered that he welcomed it, because while Western imperialism would be destroyed the more populous socialist bloc would still have some men standing; these would then reproduce themselves, and in time ‘the whole world would become socialist’. See Stuart Schram, Mao Tse-tung (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 291 and n.
News report in the Times of India, 3 November 1954.
Notes in File6, Subimal Dutt Papers, NMML; George N. Patterson, Tragic Destiny (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), pp. 160–3.
Letters to ‘R’ dated 8December 1956, in File 46, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fourth Instalment, NMML.
Sir Charles Bell, quoted in Dorothy Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian and Russian Rivalries (London: Barrie and Rockcliff, 1969) p. 179. Woodman’s book remains the best historical account of the origins of the border dispute between India and China. But see also Hsiao-Ting Lin, ‘Boundary, Sovereignty, and Imagination: Reconsidering the Frontier Disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 32, no. 3, 2004.
On Elwin, the IFAS and their work in NEFA, see Ramachandra Guha, Savaging the Civilized: Verrier Elwin, His Tribals, and India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), chapter 11.
Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers, p. 66.
‘Indo-Pakistan Clash of Ideologies’, Times of India, 26 January 1952.
Gopal, Nehru, vol. 2, pp. 82–8; Gargi Chakravartty, Coming out of Partition: Refugee Women of Bengal (New Delhi: Bluejay Books, 2005), pp. 15–25.
I have simplified and summarized a complex story told in detail in A. A. Michel, The Indus Rivers: A Study of the Effects of Partition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).
See J. B. Das Gupta, Indo-Pakistan Relations, 1947–1955 (Amsterdam: Djambatan, 1958), pp. 51–2.
‘Feelings in the Capital about the Trade Pact with Pakistan’, unsigned note dated 28 February 1951, in File 61, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fourth Instalment, NMML. A year before this, when Nehru signed his agreement with Liaqat Ali Khan, a critic complained that he ‘represents the beatific school which believes in self-flagellation in reconciliation [with] the enemy’.'Shridharani from New Delhi’, the Current, 12 April 1950.
Dawn, 19, 24, 25 and 28 January 1955.
N. V. Rajkumar, The Problem of French India (New Delhi: All-India Congress Committee, 1951); Governor of Madras to President of India, 16 April 1954, in File215, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML; Dawn,27 January 1955.
Times of India, 2 November 1955.
As quoted in Goa and the Indian Union (Lisbon: Secretariado Nacional Da Informacao, 1954).
See Portuguese India: A Survey of Conditions After 400 Years of Foreign Colonial Rule (Bombay: Goa Congress Committee, 1939); Julião Menezes, Goa’s Freedom Struggle (Bombay: privately published, 1947).
R. M. Lala, ‘Report on Daman’, the Current, 22 November 1950.
Aloysius Soares, Down the Corridors of Time: Recollections and Reflexions, vol. 2: 1948–70 (Bombay: privately published, 1973), pp. 45ff.; the Current, 25 August 1954.
Homer A. Jack, Inside Goa (New Delhi: Information Service of India, 1955); P. D. Gaitonde, The Liberation of Goa: A Participant’s View of History (London: C. Hurst and Co., 1987).
Y. D. Gundevia, Outside the Archives (Hyderabad: Sangam Books, 1984), pp. 18–19.
Letter of 22 January 1953, in Nehru correspondence, Y. D. Gundevia Papers, NMML.
C. Rajagopalachari to Edwina Mountbatten, 5 September 1950, File 189, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML.
See Carlo Feltrinelli, Secret Service (London: Granta Books, 2002).
Bok, Alva Myrdal, p. 243.

9. R
EDRAWING
THE
M
AP

CWMG, vol. 89, pp. 312–13.
‘The Question of Language’ (1937), in Nehru, The Unity of India: Collected Writings, 1937–1940 (London: Lindsay Drummond, 1941), pp. 232–3.
Quoted in Robert D. King, Nehru and the Language Politics of India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 102.
CWMG, vol. 90, p. 86.
Ibid., p. 494.
See letter of 8June 1948 to Tushar Kanti Ghosh, in Subject File82, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML.
Report of the Linguistic Provinces Commission (New Delhi: Constituent Assembly of India, 1948), paras 146 and 147.
King, Nehru and Language Politics, pp. 107, 108.
See Baldev Raj Nayar, Minority Politics in the Punjab (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), chapters 2 and 3.
Satindra Singh, ‘Master Tara Singh: A Born Rebel’, Thought, 9 December 1967.
Nayar, Minority Politics, p. 143.
Quoted ibid., p. 36.
The best account of the history of the Andhra movement, on which the preceding paragraphs largely draw, is K. V. Narayana Rao’s The Emergence of Andhra Pradesh (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1973).
The Current, 2 January 1952. See also Selig Harrison, India: The Most Dangerous Decades (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), pp. 234–5.
Congress Sandesh, quoted in Narayana Rao, Emergence of Andhra Pradesh, p. 241.
See Times ofIndia, 24 February 1952.
See ‘Kowshika’, The Boundaries of Andhra Province (Pudukottai: Anbu Nilayam, 1947).
Narayana Rao, Emergence of Andhra Pradesh, p. 243.
History of Andhra Movement, vol. 2 (Hyderabad: Committee for History of Andhra Movement, 1985), p. 496.
Gandhi to T. Prakasam, 4 January 1947, in History of Andhra Movement, pp. 496–7; also CWMG, vol. 86, p. 242.
Interview with Professor Béteille, New Delhi, December 2001.
See Subject File 123, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML.
Cf. P. R. Rao, History of Modern Andhra (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1984), p. 130.
Letter of 18 August 1953 to General Sir Roy Bucher, Subject File124, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML.
S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, vol. 2: 1947–1956 (London: Cape, 1979), p. 259.
Memorandum Submitted to the States Reorganization Commission (Bombay: Bombay Citizens Committee, 1954).
The activities of the Committee, including its strategies for fund-raising and public relations, can be followed through the massive material contained in File 383, Purushottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
M. S. Golwalkar, quoted in Times of India, 8 November1951.
Times of India, 24 May 1954.
Gadgil and Deshmukh are both quoted in Robert W. Stein, The Process of Opposition in India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 46.
Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad, ‘Memorandum to the States Reorganization Committee’, May 1954, copy in the library of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Puné. D.R. Gadgil was the chief draughtsman of this memorandum.
See report of meeting of 20 June 1954 in File383, Purushottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
This section is based on Report of the States Reorganization Commission (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1955).
See Lok Sabha Debates, vol. X, 1955.
The Current, 4 January 1956.
The change of name was affected towards the end of 1955.
Taya Zinkin, Reporting India (London: Chatto and Windus,1962), p. 108.
The Current, 25 January 1956. See also V. M. Bhave, ‘Struggle for Maharashtra’, New Age, September 1956.
Letter of 23 January 1956, Subject File68, C. D. Deshmukh Papers, NMML.
See papers in Subject File 67, C. D. Deshmukh Papers, NMML.
See letters and papers in Subject File 4, N. V. Gadgil Papers, NMML.
As reported in alarm to the Home Minister, G. B. Pant, by Sir Purushottamdas Thakurdas. See letter of 20 January 1956, in File 383, Purushottamdas Thakurdas Papers, NMML.
The Current, 15 and 29 February 1956.
Y. D. Phadke, Politics and Language (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1979), chapter 6.
See Baburao Patel, Burning Words: A Critical History of Nine Years of Nehru’s Rule from 1947 to 1956 (Bombay: Sumati Publications, 1956), pp. 106–8.
Ravi Kalia, Bhubaneshwar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994).
Janaki Nair, ‘"Past Perfect”: Architecture and Public Life in Bangalore’. I am grateful to Dr Nair for showing me a copy of this ms prior to its publication in her history of Bangalore, The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore’s Twentieth Century (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Times of India, 26 February 1952.
‘Andhra Answers Dulles’, Economic Weekly, 5 March 1955.

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