Hunting Eichmann (53 page)

[>]
"We're advancing": S. Shabtai, AI; D. Alon, AI; D. Sasson, AI.
"Are you going": L. Volk, AI.
At the airport: Harel, p. 249; A. Shalom, AI.

[>]
 In the aeronautical: S. Shaul, AI.
Aharoni drove conservatively: Aharoni and Dietl, p. 164; Y. Gat, AI.

[>]
 At a preappointed: Harel, pp. 250–51.

[>]
 "Be absolutely silent": Y. Gat, AI.
"Do something with": R. Eitan, AI.
"Form a circle": D. Alon, AI.
Wedeles was right: Y. Gat, AI; Y. Klein, AI; Harel, pp. 251–52.
"Pretend to sleep": D. Alon, AI; S. Shabtai, AI; D. Sasson, AI.

[>]
 As the Britannia: Harel, pp. 254–55.
Harel left his: A. Shalom, AI.
"You surprise me": Y. Klein, AI.

[>]
 Minute after minute: Aharoni and Dietl, p. 165.
As Harel crossed: Harel, p. 255.
"El Al is ready": S. Shaul, AI; B. Tirosh, AI; O. Kabiri, AI.

[>]
 Klein was standing: Y. Klein, AI.

[>]
 "What is the problem": S. Shaul, AI.
At half past: "Interview with Klaus Eichmann."

CHAPTER 26

[>]
 When the Britannia: S. Shabtai, AI.
"You've been accorded": Harel, p. 260.

[>]
 The chief pilot: O. Kabiri, AI; S. Shaul, AI; D. Alon, AI.
Hour after hour: S. Shaul, AI; Harel, pp. 260–66.

[>]
 Yosef Klein concluded: Y. Klein, AI.
"big exclusive": Ibid.

[>]
 The last task: A. Shalom, AI; R. Eitan, AI.
Red lights flashed: D. Sasson, AI; D. Alon, AI; O. Kabiri, AI; S. Shaul, AI; Y. Gat, AI.

[>]
 Harel congratulated: Harel, pp. 268–69.
So before the steward: Y. Gat, AI.
The rest of the stopover: A. Shalom, AI.
Before they took off: S. Shaul, AI.

[>]
 Only five years: Goldman, p. 51.
Shaul and Hassin had: S. Shaul, AI.
It flew up: Ibid.; D. Alon, AI.
With the plane: Harel, p. 269.
At 6:55
A.M.:
Aharoni and Dietl, p. 116.
There was no celebration: S. Shabtai, AI.

[>]
 The captain also praised: S. Shaul, AI.
Customs officials attempted: M. Tabor interview,
IMAE;
Y. Gat, AI; B. Tirosh, AI.
"I have been waiting": Aharoni and Dietl, p. 166.
"The monster is": B. Tirosh, AI.
Tabor and Gat escorted: Y. Gat, AI; Reynolds, pp. 10–11.
"I brought you": Harel, p. 271; Bar-Zohar,
Ben Gurion,
pp. 1374–77.

[>]
 Only a few hours: ISA, 3039/1-a, Hofstetter Memo; Harel, p. 274.
"How many people": R. Eitan, AI.
"I am Adolf Eichmann": Yablonka, p. 31. Curiously, Halevi issued the warrant under the International Treaty for the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (under the UN charter), which applied only to crimes committed after 1949. The correct law would have been Israel's Nazi and Nazi Collaborators Law (1950).
Harel then cabled: AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Haim Cohen to Dr. Fritz Bauer, May 22, 1960; Harel, pp. 274–75.

[>]
 "I have to inform": "The Beast in Chains,"
Time,
June 6, 1960; Robinson, p. 105.
"When they had": Robinson, p. 106.

CHAPTER 27

[>]
 On May 25: A. Shalom, AI.
When Shalom returned: Ibid.; Y. Gat, AI.

[>]
 "You were in": M. Tabor interview,
IMAE.
"Look, didn't you": Malkin,
Eichmann in My Hands,
p. 250.
"I'm not naive": Aharoni and Dietl, p. 167.
Eichmann was being: Von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated,
pp. xix-xx; S. Nagar interview,
IMAE.

[>]
 On the afternoon: Yablonka, pp. 66–67.
The two men: ISA, 3039/1-a, Hofstetter Memo.
"You recognize me": Von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated,
pp. 4–5.

[>]
 "But, Captain": Ibid., p. viii.
In Israel, the shock: Yablonka, p. 36.

[>]
 "The Jewish state": Cesarani, p. 239.
As for the half: Yablonka, pp. 36–37.
"Israeli agents":
Time,
June 1, 1960.
Arturo Frondizi had: A. Levavi, AI.
Frondizi was also: Rein, pp. 177–79; Cesarani, p. 238.
"I don't think": A. Levavi, AI.
"Jewish volunteers": ISA, 2150/4-hz, Letter from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the President of the Security Council, June 21, 1960.
"supreme moral justification": Ibid.
The Argentines clearly: Rein, pp. 179–81.

[>]
 Unable to strike: Ibid., pp. 206–7; Haim, "Jewish Leadership in Times of Crisis." On July 12: "Eichmann File," Tribunales Federales de Comodoro Py, Buenos Aires.
One afternoon: L. Volk, AI.

[>]
 By the fall: "Eichmann File."
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer: Wolffsohn, p. 25.
Still, as the trial: Gardner-Feldman, pp. 134–35; Lavy, pp. 87–88; Vogel, pp. 125–26.
Although there was no overt agreement, officials on both sides have alluded to this understanding.

[>]
 "General Heydrich ordered": Eichmann, "Memoirs."
Within days of: Lauryssens, p. 128.
The chief of: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Existence of Eichmann Memoirs, September 13, 1960; NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA),
Life
and Eichmann Memoirs, September 16–20, 1960.
The Mossad had: NA, RG 263, Adolf Eichmann Name File (CIA), Adolf Eichmann Case, August 15, 1960; ISA, 3039/1-a, Hofstetter Memo.

[>]
 While Eichmann's shocking: M. Gilead interview,
IMAE;
Cesarani, p. 243.
These documents: Yablonka, p. 73.
"Congratulations on your": Levy, p. 89.
"You never saw": Ibid.
In the months: ISA, 3039/1-a, Hofstetter Memo.
On the evening: Friedman,
The Hunter,
pp. 255–56.

[>]
 On November 1: YVS, TR.3, File 1052, Testimony of Zeev Sapir, January 11, 1960.
An Israeli association: Yablonka, p. 95.
After being rescued: YVS, TR.3, File 1052, Testimony of Zeev Sapir, January 11, 1960; Zeev Sapir Testimony at Eichmann Trial, Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive; Z. Sapir interview,
IMAE;
YVS, O.3, File 6151, Testimony of Zeev Sapir, April 9, 1990.

CHAPTER 28

[>]
 In the valley: Musmanno, pp. 11–13; Arendt, p. 3.

[>]
 "Adolf Eichmann, rise": Guri, p. 2.
"First count":
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,
pp. 3–10.

[>]
 "When I stand": Ibid., p. 62.
"In moments like these": Mulisch, p. 37.
On May 28: Z. Sapir interview,
IMAE.

[>]
 "How many Jews":
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,
pp. 970–74; Zeev Sapir Testimony at Eichmann Trial, Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive; Z. Sapir interview,
IMAE.

[>]
 Once Hausner finished: Cesarani, pp. 272–74.
Given his clipped: Mulisch, p. 127.
"From the point":
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,
p. 1575.

[>]
 Throughout the cross-examination: Cesarani, pp. 272, 282–305.
The Israeli court allowed only a small portion of the Sassen documents to be entered into evidence—just those pages that Eichmann had handwritten or to which he had added comments while editing his memoirs in Argentina.
"For the dispatch":
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,
p. 2218.

[>]
 Eichmann was motionless: Guri, p. 299.
While he waited: Eichmann, "Meine Gotzen—September 6, 1961"; Eichmann, "Meine Memoiren—June 16, 1960"; BArch, Sassen Transcripts, 6/95, folder 1.
Eichmann began: Hull, xi–xiv.

[>]
 "search for peace": Ibid., p. 35.
"There is no Hell": Ibid., p. 24.
"I have not sinned": Ibid., p. 83.
Two days after: M. Gilead interview,
IMAE.
"Why are you sad": Hull, p. 155.

[>]
Accompanied by Hull: Ibid., pp. 155–60; R. Eitan, AI; M. Gilead interview,
IMAE;
S. Nagar interview,
IMAE.
"I hope, very much": Malkin,
Eichmann in My Hands,
p. 173.
"Long live Germany": Hull, p. 159; Arye Wallenstein, "Eichmann Dies on the Gallows," Reuters, June 1, 1962.
The two guards hit: Hull, pp. 160–69; M. Gilead interview,
IMAE;
Hausner, p. 446.

EPILOGUE

[>]
 "Jewish history had": E. Wiesel interview,
HAE.
The trial had: Yablonka, pp. 250–51.
As for the rest: Cesarani, pp. 324–57.

[>]
 Simon Wiesenthal and Tuviah Friedman: "The Eichmann Chase"; Pick, pp. 151–327.
In the weeks after: NA, RG 263, Nazis/West Germany/Post WWII, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, July 7, 1960; Cesarani, p. 335.

[>]
 For the Hermann family: OHD, (228)4, Interview with Nathan Lerner; CZA, Z 6/2412; A. Kleinert, AI;
Clarin,
March 25, 1961; Goñi, p. 318; Friedman,
The Blind Man.
Now a professor: Ricardo Eichmann, Letter to author, December 2006.
Of the three: Aharoni and Dietl, pp. 176–77.
"extraordinary devotion": Letter from Zvi Tohar to Daniel Sasson, May 24, 1960.

[>]
 After returning to Israel: Aharoni and Dietl, pp. 179–81; letter to author from Wilhelm Dietl, September 14, 2008.
Contrary to news reports in September 2008 based on an interview with Rafi Eitan, the author received no confirmation from other agents that the Mossad actually located the doctor during the operation to capture Eichmann. Avraham Shalom told the author quite firmly that they did not locate Mengele at that time.

[>]
 Rafi Eitan has enjoyed: Thomas, pp. 86–91; Aharoni and Dietl, p. 181.
Only three years: Thomas, pp. 42–46;
Guardian,
February 20, 1993.
"All over the world": R. Eitan, AI.

[>]
 "She can't talk": Malkin,
Eichmann in My Hands,
p. 258; Peter Malkin interview, Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive.

Bibliography

ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES

Archiv der Sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Bonn.

Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires.

Biblioteca National, Buenos Aires.

Bundesarchiv, Koblenz.

Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem.

Columbia University Library, New York.

Direción Nacional de Migraciones, Buenos Aires.

Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Oral History Division, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden.

Israel State Archives, Jerusalem.

Massuah Institute for the Study of the Holocaust, Kibbutz Tel Itzhak, Israel.

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.

New York Public Library, New York.

New York University Library, New York.

Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

Tribunales Federales de Comodoro Py, Buenos Aires.

United States Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC.

Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.

DOCUMENTARY INTERVIEWS AND MATERIALS

The Hunt for Adolf Eichmann,
directed by Dan Setton, 1998. Interview transcripts of Zvi Aharoni, Manus Diamant, Michael Gilead, Isser Harel, Peter Malkin, Moshe Tabor, and Elie Wiesel.

I Met Adolf Eichmann,
directed by Clara Glynn, 2003. Interview transcripts of Zvi Aharoni, Martha Eggers, Michael Gilead, Otto Lindhorst, Heinz Lühr, Shlomo Nagar, Zeev Sapir, Ursula Schulze, Moshe Tabor, Roberto Tonet, and Ruth Tramer.

AUTHOR INTERVIEWS (AI)

Roberto Alemann, Dan Alon, Shmuel Alony, anonymous Tacuara members, Angolina Bascelli, Rafi Eitan, Yaakov Gat, Amelia Hahn, Oved Kabiri, Yosef Klein, Anthony Kleinert, Dr. Leonhardt, Arye Levavi, Jose Moskoviz, Dr. Ernesto Palenzola, Pedro Probierzym, Saskia Sassen, Daniel Sasson, Shamri Shabtai, Avraham Shalom, Shaul Shaul, Baruch Tirosh, and Luba Volk.

EICHMANN PRIMARY SOURCES

Eichmann, Adolf.
Meine Flucht.
Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Alliierte Prozesse, 6/247, folder 1.

Eichmann, Adolf. "Meine Gotzen—September 6, 1961." Israel State Archives, Jerusalem. Also available at
http://www.mazal.org/various/eichmann.htm
.

Eichmann, Adolf. "Meine Memoiren—June 16, 1960." In
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem.
Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, 1992. Microfiche.

Sassen Transcripts. Collection of Robert Servatius. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Alliierte Prozesse, 6/95-111.
DERIVATIVE WORKS
a. Aschenauer, Rudolf.
Ich, Adolf Eichmann: Ein historischer Zeugenbericht.
Augsburg: Druffel-Verlag, 1980. A distilled version of the Sassen transcripts.
b. "Eichmann Memoirs." National Archives and Records Administration, CIA Records Search Tool.
c. Eichmann, Adolf. "Memoirs."
Life,
November 28 and December 5, 1960.

"Interrogation of Adolf Eichmann by Avner Less, Bureau 06." In
The Trial of Adolf
Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem.
Vols. 7 and 8. Jerusalem: Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, 1992.
DERIVATIVE WORK
Von Lang, Jochen, ed.
Eichmann Interrogated.
New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Aarons, Mark, and John Loftus.
Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican's Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

Aharoni, Zvi.
On Life and Death: The Tale of a Lucky Man.
London: Minerva, 1998.

Aharoni, Zvi, and Wilhelm Dietl.
Operation Eichmann: The Truth About the Pursuit,
Capture and Trial of Adolf Eichmann.
London: Orion, 1998.

Ambrose, Stephen.
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of D. D. Eisenhower.
New York: Doubleday, 1970.

Anderson, Jack.
Peace, War, Politics: An Eyewitness Account.
New York: Forge, 2000.

Andrus, Burton.
The Infamous of Nuremberg.
London: Leslie Frewin, 1969.