Human Cargo (56 page)
Authors: Caroline Moorehead
“managed migration,”
349–54
,
356–57
Mandingo people,
13–14
,
65
,
191
,
197
Manoora
(naval vessel),
133
Mano people,
197
Manus Island detention centers,
132
,
134
Marshall Plan,
36
Martelli, Claudio,
73
Mary (IRC teacher in Guinea),
212–13
Mary (Ugandan refugee),
281–82
,
288
,
357–58
Masoud (Iranian refugee),
121–22
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF),
75
,
192
,
193
,
305
,
318
,
325
medical care
Afghanistan and,
325
Palestinian refugees and,
254
torture victims and,
268–69
Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture,
270–74
,
272
n,
278–81
,
282
,
287–88
Melbourne
Herald Sun
,
139
Mena (Iranian refugee),
142
Mende people,
7–8
Men in the Sun
(Kanafani),
242
mental health
Afghanistan and,
325
detention of children and,
136–41
,
141–48
Guinea camps and,
215–16
post-traumatic stress disorder and,
138–39
,
147–48
,
264–65
torture victims and,
268–69
,
273
self-mutilation,
151
See also
suicide
Mercy (Liberian refugee),
62–63
,
64–65
,
66
,
74
,
78
Mexicali canal,
87–88
Mexican-U.S. border
history of migration across,
95–101
people smuggled into,
84–85
,
87
,
89–90
,
92
,
98–99
,
106
Micciche, Calogero,
75
Michaels, Anne,
266
“migrants”
defined by Article I of Convention,
37–38
need for protection,
355–56
percent of world’s population as,
94–95
prosecution of, in U.S.,
100
See also
refugees and asylum seekers
“migrants of identity,”
353–54
migration,
354–57
changing attitudes toward,
97–98
,
99–100
,
355–56
Migration Watch UK,
172–79
Mira (Afghan returnee),
316–17
Misericordia (Italian ambulance service),
64–65
,
77
Mobaraka, Bibi (wife of emperor Babur),
326
Mohamed (Liberian refugee),
10
,
16
,
198
,
215
,
360
Mohamed (Sudanese refugee),
168–69
Moldova,
199
Moroccan refugees,
74
Morteza (Iranian refugee),
141–44
,
148
,
154
Moscat, Dr.,
66
Mozambique,
43
Mugabe, Robert,
169–70
Mussolini, Benito,
358
Mustafa (husband to Salima),
323
Nabokov, Vladimir,
262
Naked Dead, The
(Langa),
257
Namibia,
43
Nansen, Fridtjof,
32–33
Napolitano Bill (Italy, 1998),
73
Naqba (uprooting of Palestinians of 1948),
220–25
,
228–31
,
241–42
,
245
,
251
Nasir (Afghan returnee),
292–94
,
305–6
,
307
,
320
Nasser, Gamal,
235
National Asylum Support Agency (NASS),
168
,
169
,
170
,
357–58
National Temperance Hospital (Britain),
270
National Union of Journalists (Britain),
175
Nauru detention center,
132
,
133
,
134
,
150–51
,
153
Newcasde, England
asylum seekers in,
156–63
,
169–79
,
183–85
Bykerarea,
169–70
,
172–74
,
176–70
New River,
99
New York Review of Books
,
108
New Zealand,
133
resetdement and,
333
Niemoller, Martin,
108
Nigeria,
42
n
Nigerois refugees,
217
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
99
North Korean refugees,
172
North of England Refuge Service,
156
Northern Alliance (Afghanistan),
307
Norwegian Refugee Council,
48
Nsamba (Congolese refugee),
179
Occupied Territories,
241
,
248
,
251
Ogata, Sadako,
43–45
Omar (Liberian refugee),
361–62
Operation Blockade,
98
Operation Foxbat,
100
Operation Hold the Line,
98
Operation Jaguar,
100
Operation Safeguard,
98
Operation Thunderbird,
100
Operation Wetback,
97
n
opium growers,
313
Organization for Alrican Unity (OAU),
40
,
42
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
175
Organization Guinéenne des Droits de l’Homme,
188
Ortega, Cesar,
211
Osman, Ekhias,
344
Ottoman empire,
32
Oulu, Finland,
335–40
Pacific Solution,
132–33
,
135
,
150
,
151
,
153–54
Pakistan,
52
Afghan refugees in,
294
,
296
,
299–301
,
303–4
,
309
,
314
,
322
Pakistani refugees,
168
Palapa
(boat),
129–30
Palestine
partition of,
229–31
See also
Naqba; Occupied Territories
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
225
,
233
,
234–35
,
248
Arab Muslim’s and,
238–39
Palestinian Authority,
253–54
Palestinian refugees,
220–28
,
232–34
,
236–56
,
370
Arab Muslim’s and,
238–39
education available to,
253–54
not included in 1951 Convention,
38
,
251
n
“right of return,”
223–25
,
223
n,
231
work available to,
253
Palestinian state,
230–31
Palumbo, Dr.,
76–79
Papua New Guinea,
132
Passerini, Lyndall,
15
Peace of Westphalia (1648),
32
Pedro (Mexican migrant),
88–90
Peel, Dr. Michael,
278
Permanent Temporary Centers.
See
Centro di Permanenza
Temporanea
Peter (Liberian refugee),
194
,
200
,
215
Physicians for Human Rights,
110
Pinochet, General,
282
Polish refugees,
34
Port Augusta detention center (Australia),
119
,
120
,
149
Port Hedland detention camp (Australia),
142
post-traumatic stress disorder,
138–39
,
147–48
,
264–65
torture victims and,
273
Potsdam conference,
34
Professional Alliance for the Health of Asylum Seekers and Their Children,
141
prostitution,
49–50
migrants in Italy,
74
Qaddafi, Col. Muammar,
68
Qassam, Shaykh Izz al-Din al-,
224
Ranch Rescue,
100
Rania (Chaldean refugee),
105
and AIDS,
23
of refugees by aid workers,
212
survivors of,
266
,
271
,
272
,
281–82
Red Cross movement,
32
“refugee,” definition and granting of status of,
37–38
,
42
Australia and,
129–30
Convention of 1951 and,
41
OAU and,
42
unaccompanied minors and,
110–11
West and,
52
refugee camps,
42
Australia and,
119–25
,
126–35
,
136–55
developing world and,
40
,
213–15
as destructive places,
214–15
difficulty raising money for,
52
Europe and, at end of WW II,
38
Hocké attempts to end long-term,
42
Palestinian refugees in
222–28
,
232–34
,
236–43
See also
specific camps
Refugee Convention.
See
Convention
Relating to the Status of
Refugees of 1951
refugees and asylum seekers
African, in Cairo,
3–27
as “agents of development,”
210
arrests and torture of,
258–59
,
268–78
,
280
,
281–84
,
364
asylum policy crisis and,
49–50
boat people,
40
,
50–51
,
118
,
129–35
boat people, in Sicily,
57–61
,
62–72
,
76–82
boat people, in Australia,
115–35
,
136–55
change in policy toward, in Australia,
119–20
,
125
children and unaccompanied minors,
46–47
,
110–11
,
264–67
children of, and parental trauma,
110–11
cost of handing, in UK,
52
n
cross from Mexico to U.S.,
83–90
,
91–111
defined by UNHCR and
Convention of 1951,
37–38
,
40
,
41
,
42
denied asylum, in Britain,
167–68
deportations of,
51
detention of, in Australia,
119–25
,
126–35
,
136–55
detention of, in U.S.,
109–11
difficulties of, in Britain,
167–68
,
171–73
dispersal of, in Britain,
156–63
,
167–79
extraordinary journeys of,
105–6
families and women with children,
15
finances of,
14
funding and coordination issues,
49
future of policy on,
352–53
,
355–56
global attitudes on,
355–56
“good” vs. “bad,”
37–38
,
41
,
117
,
134
history of Geneva Convention and UNHCR and,
36–39
hostility towards,
50
,
51
,
97
,
353
human rights workers and,
26–27
idea of “home” and,
321
language problems,
157
,
161
,
168
,
261–62
,
274
,
336–37
legal hurdles and, in U.S.,
107–9
local community and, in Britain,
169
media opposition to,
173–75
,
184
mortality rates of,
70–71
pain of exile and past traumas of,
264–67
