Human Cargo (56 page)

“managed migration,”
349–54
,
356–57

Mandaeans,
121
,
123–24
,
154–55

Mandingo people,
13–14
,
65
,
191
,
197

Manne, Robert,
149
,
152
,
153–54

Manoora
(naval vessel),
133

Mano people,
197

Manus Island detention centers,
132
,
134

Marr, David,
129
,
135
,
149

Marshall Plan,
36

Martelli, Claudio,
73

Mary (IRC teacher in Guinea),
212–13

Mary (Ugandan refugee),
281–82
,
288
,
357–58

Masood, General,
307
,
309

Masoud (Iranian refugee),
121–22

Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF),
75
,
192
,
193
,
305
,
318
,
325

medical care

Afghanistan and,
325

Palestinian refugees and,
254

torture victims and,
268–69

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture,
270–74
,
272
n,
278–81
,
282
,
287–88

Melbourne
Herald Sun
,
139

Mena (Iranian refugee),
142

Mende people,
7–8

Men in the Sun
(Kanafani),
242

mental health

Afghanistan and,
325

detention of children and,
136–41
,
141–48

Guinea camps and,
215–16

post-traumatic stress disorder and,
138–39
,
147–48
,
264–65

torture victims and,
268–69
,
273

self-mutilation,
151

See also
suicide

Mercy (Liberian refugee),
62–63
,
64–65
,
66
,
74
,
78

Mexicali canal,
87–88

Mexican migrants,
83–90
,
91–111

Mexican-U.S. border

history of migration across,
95–101

fence,
91–94
,
100–101
,
132

people smuggled into,
84–85
,
87
,
89–90
,
92
,
98–99
,
106

Micciche, Calogero,
75

Michaels, Anne,
266

“migrants”

defined by Article I of Convention,
37–38

need for protection,
355–56

percent of world’s population as,
94–95

prosecution of, in U.S.,
100

See also
refugees and asylum seekers

“migrants of identity,”
353–54

migration,
354–57

changing attitudes toward,
97–98
,
99–100
,
355–56

globalization and,
94
,
350

Migration Watch UK,
172–79

Mira (Afghan returnee),
316–17

Misericordia (Italian ambulance service),
64–65
,
77

Mo (Afghan returnee),
308
,
327

Mobaraka, Bibi (wife of emperor Babur),
326

Mohamed (Liberian refugee),
10
,
16
,
198
,
215
,
360

Mohamed (Sudanese refugee),
168–69

Moldova,
199

Moroccan refugees,
74

Morteza (Iranian refugee),
141–44
,
148
,
154

Moscat, Dr.,
66

Mozambique,
43

Mugabe, Robert,
169–70

mujahedeen,
292–93
,
303
,
304
,
323

Mussolini, Benito,
358

Mustafa (husband to Salima),
323

Nabokov, Vladimir,
262

Naked Dead, The
(Langa),
257

Namibia,
43

Nansen, Fridtjof,
32–33

Napolitano Bill (Italy, 1998),
73

Naqba (uprooting of Palestinians of 1948),
220–25
,
228–31
,
241–42
,
245
,
251

Nasir (Afghan returnee),
292–94
,
305–6
,
307
,
320

Nasser, Gamal,
235

National Asylum Support Agency (NASS),
168
,
169
,
170
,
357–58

National Temperance Hospital (Britain),
270

National Union of Journalists (Britain),
175

Nauru detention center,
132
,
133
,
134
,
150–51
,
153

Newcasde, England

asylum seekers in,
156–63
,
169–79
,
183–85

Bykerarea,
169–70
,
172–74
,
176–70

New River,
99

New York Review of Books
,
108

New Zealand,
133

resetdement and,
333

Niemoller, Martin,
108

Nigeria,
42
n

Nigerian refugees,
74
,
102
,
217

Nigerois refugees,
217

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
99

North Korean refugees,
172

North of England Refuge Service,
156

Northern Alliance (Afghanistan),
307

Norway,
130–31
,
175
,
333

Norwegian Refugee Council,
48

Nsamba (Congolese refugee),
179

Nzerekore, Guinea,
189–90
,
211

Occupied Territories,
241
,
248
,
251

Ogata, Sadako,
43–45

Omar (Liberian refugee),
361–62

Operation Blockade,
98

Operation Foxbat,
100

Operation Gatekeeper,
93
,
98

Operation Hold the Line,
98

Operation Jaguar,
100

Operation Relex,
133
,
135

Operation Safeguard,
98

Operation Thunderbird,
100

Operation Wetback,
97
n

opium growers,
313

Organization for Alrican Unity (OAU),
40
,
42

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
175

Organization Guinéenne des Droits de l’Homme,
188

Ortega, Cesar,
211

Osman, Ekhias,
344

Ottoman empire,
32

Oulu, Finland,
335–40

Pacific Solution,
132–33
,
135
,
150
,
151
,
153–54

Pakistan,
52

Afghan refugees in,
294
,
296
,
299–301
,
303–4
,
309
,
314
,
322

Pakistani refugees,
168

Palapa
(boat),
129–30

Palestine

Jews and,
34
,
132
,
221

partition of,
229–31

WW II and,
34
,
132

See also
Naqba; Occupied Territories

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
225
,
233
,
234–35
,
248

Arab Muslim’s and,
238–39

Palestinian Authority,
253–54

Palestinian refugees,
220–28
,
232–34
,
236–56
,
370

Arab Muslim’s and,
238–39

education available to,
253–54

not included in 1951 Convention,
38
,
251
n

number of,
242
n,
244
,
251

“right of return,”
223–25
,
223
n,
231

work available to,
253

UNRWA and,
227
,
243
,
246
,
251
n

Palestinian state,
230–31

Palumbo, Dr.,
76–79

Papua New Guinea,
132

Passerini, Lyndall,
15

Peace of Westphalia (1648),
32

Pedro (Mexican migrant),
88–90

Peel, Dr. Michael,
278

Permanent Temporary Centers.
See
Centro di Permanenza

Temporanea

Peter (Liberian refugee),
194
,
200
,
215

Physicians for Human Rights,
110

Pinochet, General,
282

Polish refugees,
34

Port Augusta detention center (Australia),
119
,
120
,
149

Port Hedland detention camp (Australia),
142

post-traumatic stress disorder,
138–39
,
147–48
,
264–65

torture victims and,
273

Potsdam conference,
34

Professional Alliance for the Health of Asylum Seekers and Their Children,
141

prostitution,
49–50

migrants in Italy,
74

Qaddafi, Col. Muammar,
68

Qassam, Shaykh Izz al-Din al-,
224

racism,
74
,
128–29
,
172–79

Ranch Rescue,
100

Rania (Chaldean refugee),
105

rape,
8
,
43
,
245

and AIDS,
23

of refugees by aid workers,
212

survivors of,
266
,
271
,
272
,
281–82

Red Cross movement,
32

“refugee,” definition and granting of status of,
37–38
,
42

Australia and,
129–30

Convention of 1951 and,
41

OAU and,
42

unaccompanied minors and,
110–11

West and,
52

refugee camps,
42

Australia and,
119–25
,
126–35
,
136–55

developing world and,
40
,
213–15

as destructive places,
214–15

difficulty raising money for,
52

Europe and, at end of WW II,
38

Guinea and,
189–96
,
205–19

Hocké attempts to end long-term,
42

Palestinian refugees in
222–28
,
232–34
,
236–43

See also
specific camps

Refugee Convention.
See
Convention

Relating to the Status of

Refugees of 1951

refugees and asylum seekers

African, in Cairo,
3–27

as “agents of development,”
210

arrests and torture of,
258–59
,
268–78
,
280
,
281–84
,
364

asylum policy crisis and,
49–50

boat people,
40
,
50–51
,
118
,
129–35

boat people, in Sicily,
57–61
,
62–72
,
76–82

boat people, in Australia,
115–35
,
136–55

change in policy toward, in Australia,
119–20
,
125

children and unaccompanied minors,
46–47
,
110–11
,
264–67

children of, and parental trauma,
110–11

cost of handing, in UK,
52
n

cross from Mexico to U.S.,
83–90
,
91–111

defined by UNHCR and

Convention of 1951,
37–38
,
40
,
41
,
42

denied asylum, in Britain,
167–68

deportations of,
51

detention of, in Australia,
119–25
,
126–35
,
136–55

detention of, in U.S.,
109–11

difficulties of, in Britain,
167–68
,
171–73

dispersal of, in Britain,
156–63
,
167–79

extraordinary journeys of,
105–6

families and women with children,
15

finances of,
14

funding and coordination issues,
49

future of policy on,
352–53
,
355–56

global attitudes on,
355–56

“good” vs. “bad,”
37–38
,
41
,
117
,
134

history of Geneva Convention and UNHCR and,
36–39

hostility towards,
50
,
51
,
97
,
353

human rights workers and,
26–27

idea of “home” and,
321

IDPs and,
38
,
47–51

language problems,
157
,
161
,
168
,
261–62
,
274
,
336–37

legal hurdles and, in U.S.,
107–9

local community and, in Britain,
169

media opposition to,
173–75
,
184

mortality rates of,
70–71

pain of exile and past traumas of,
264–67

Palestinian diaspora,
220–25
,
228–31
,
241–42
,
245
,
251