How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (91 page)

Tutankhamen,
10

Tyerman, Christopher,
110

Ulfilas,
65

‘Umar,
86–87
,
302

“underdevelopment,”
358
,
368–70

undershot water mills,
78

United States: bankruptcy laws,
350
; education in,
352–53
; Industrial Revolution,
347–54
; Luddites,
336
; property law and patents,
348–50
; railroads,
331
;
wages and worker productivity,
350–51

universities: American,
353
; the bourgeoisie and,
347
; decline of “Western Civilization” courses,
1–2
; defined,
163
; empiricism and human dissection,
164–65
; origins of,
163–64
; rise of science and,
304
,
311–12
; role in the Reformation,
270–71
.
See also
University of Paris

University of Basel,
270
,
271

University of Cambridge,
347

University of Cologne,
271

University of Louvain,
271

University of Oxford,
312
,
347

University of Paris: “academic freedom” and,
167–68
; curriculum,
168–69
; faculty,
169
; funding of,
169
; rise of science and,
179
,
305–6
; significance of,
166
; students,
166–67

University of Pennsylvania,
353

University of Vienna,
177

University of Wittenberg,
264
,
270
,
271

Urban II (pope),
84
,
102
,
113

urbanization: agriculture and,
333–34

Urban VIII (pope),
318–20

U.S. Constitution,
350

U.S. Patent Act,
350

usury,
135–37

Utrecht,
251

Valentinian II,
54

Valerian,
58

Valverde, Vincente de,
223
,
224

Van Doren, Charles,
70–71
,
72

Vasco da Gama.
See
Da Gama, Vasco

Venerable Bede,
75

Venice: capitalism and,
138
; democracy and,
126–28
; naval strength in the Middle Ages,
194–95

Verrazzano, Giovanni da,
225

Vespucci, Amerigo,
214

Vienna,
288–90

Vikings: blast furnaces and,
194
; Christianization,
113–16
; Greenland and,
146
,
147
; historians’ views of,
95
; impact of the Medieval Warm Period on,
145–46
; knowledge of the Western Hemisphere,
202–3
; raids and settlements,
93–94
,
97–98
; rise of the West and,
93
; technology,
95–96

Viking ships,
80

Vilgerðarson, Flóki,
145

Vinland,
146
,
202–3

Vinland map,
202–3

Visigoths,
87

Vitry, Jacques de,
167

Vivaldi, Ugolino and Vadino,
198

Vlad the Impaler (Dracula),
286

Vogt, Joseph,
29

Voltaire,
70
,
83
,
232–33
,
318
,
341

“vulgate” Bibles,
352

wages: Industrial Revolution and,
341–43
; in the United States,
350–51

wagons,
79

Waldseemüller, Martin,
214

war crimes.
See
atrocities

Ward-Perkins, Bryan,
60

War of the Allies (ancient Greece),
30

warships.
See
navies; ships

Washburn, Wilcomb,
233

water clocks (clepsydra),
23

water organ,
22

water power/waterwheels: English woolen industry and,
156
,
187–88
; the Greeks and,
23
; water mills during the Dark Ages,
78–79

Watt, James,
327–28
,
349

wealth: relationship to production,
12

Wealth of Nations, The
(Smith),
340

weapons: European colonialism and,
360–62
; in the Middle Ages,
196–98
; rapid-fire small arms,
362
; Spanish conquest of Mexico and,
220–21
.
See also
arms and armor; cannons; firearms; military science/technology

Weber, Max,
129
,
134
,
279

Wegg, Jervis,
250

Wells, Peter S.,
75
,
81
,
82

Westfall, Richard S.,
311–12

West, Martin,
24

Whitehead, Alfred North,
26
,
315
,
316

White, Lynne,
85–86

Whitney, Eli,
327

William of Auvergne,
165

William of Hauteville,
100–101

William of Ockham,
175
,
176
,
303

William of Orange,
249

William of Rubrouck,
201

Williams, John,
278

Williams-McClanahan, Robin,
72

William the Conqueror (William the Bastard),
94
,
98–99
,
118

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin),
364

Willughby, Francis,
256

winches,
23

wind power/windmills,
79

Windschuttle, Keith,
220

Wittfogel, Karl A.,
370

Woodberry, Robert D.,
367
,
368

wood power,
189

woolen industry: development in Flanders,
182–84
; in England,
156
,
184
,
185–88
,
342
; “putting-out” system,
342
; water power and,
156

work: virtue of and the rise of capitalism,
134–35

worker productivity: in the U.S.,
351

World Lit Only by Fire, A
(Manchester),
71

“world systems” theory,
368–70

World War I,
361

wrought iron,
329

Wulfstan, Saint,
124

Xenophon,
17

Yaballaha III,
300

Yahweh,
35

Yersinia pestis.
See
Black Death; bubonic plague

Zacuto, Abraham,
204
,
208

Zama, Battle of,
48

Zeno,
28

Zheng He,
44–45

Ziegler, Philip,
151
,
153

ziggurats,
10

Zosimus,
60–61
,
63

Zuiderzee,
147–48

Zulus,
18

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