House on Fire (32 page)

biological warfare: defense against,
18
,
195–196
; suspicions of workers and,
159

Birmingham, England cases (1978),
186

Blair, Vachel,
24

Bohannan, Laura,
38–39

Brazil,
83
,
84

Brilliant, Girija,
206n1

Brilliant, Larry,
129
,
168
,
206n1

Bulle, Wolfgang,
29
,
30
,
71

Calcutta, India,
93

Carro, Jean de,
92

cases, number of, as metric,
118–119

CDC.
See
Communicable Disease Center (CDC)

Central Africa,
72–75

Chandragupta (ruler in India),
88

chickenpox,
42
,
154
,
181

children: push for mass vaccination of,
171
,
180
; repeat vaccinations and,
93
,
99
; as search informants,
117
,
148–149
; vaccine in India and,
92–93

church missions: evacuation from Enugu and,
66–69
; medical work by,
28
; Ogoja outbreak and,
54–55
,
57–58

Clara Swain Hospital in Uttar Pradesh,
139

Clark, William,
10

Cleveland, Harlan,
117

coalitions,
130–131
,
189–190
,
191

coercion,
206n1

Communicable Disease Center (CDC): author's position at,
84
,
183
; Bangladesh program and,
185
; Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) training at,
18
; eradication program in Africa and,
36–37
,
46–53
,
69
,
72–73
,
76
,
77
; managers in India,
131–134
,
136
,
160
; name changes of,
200n2
; oral history archive and,
206n5
; smallpox eradication handbook of,
76
; surveillance and containment approach at,
75–79
; threat in New Mexico and,
19–22
; WHO global program and,
84
.
See also
Henderson, D. A.
;
Millar, Don
;
Sencer, David J
.

communication,
130
,
144
,
191

community leaders,
45–46

Conrad, Lyle,
204n29

contagiousness of smallpox,
38

containment teams,
108–110
,
115–117
,
121

cowpox virus,
8–10
,
92
,
94

Cresswell, John,
93

cultural awareness: city life in Nigeria and,
43–45
; foreign workers in India and,
110
–
111
,
135–136
,
138
; importance of,
192
; storytelling in Nigeria and,
62–63
; village life in Nigeria and,
30–34
,
43
,
45–46
; village wisdom about smallpox and,
74–75

detection of smallpox,
3–4
,
77–78

Devi (Indian goddess),
89

Diesh, P.,
125–126
,
128
,
130
,
135–136
,
145
,
176–177

Directorate General of Helth Services (India),
103

district headquarters,
153–154

Dupont,
168

Durant, Will,
191

Dusthall, Anna,
92
,
94

Dutta, Mahendra,
126
,
130
,
145
,
169–172
,
177
,
180

Eastern Nigeria Ministry of Health,
59

EIS.
See
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)

Emory University,
206n5

Enahoro, Peter,
67

Enugu, Nigeria: Eastern Nigeria eradication effort and,
43–44
; wartime revisit to,
71

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS),
18

epidemiology, field of,
17–18

Eradication Escalation effort,
72–75
,
85

eradication of smallpox: dream of,
8–11
; origins of global program for,
10
; proposed possibility for,
25–27
; shift in primary strategy for,
53–59
.
See also
belief in global eradication

Ethiopia,
185–186

Etzel, Ed,
160

evaluation teams,
154–155
.
See also
program evaluation

Faith Tabernacle Church,
59

fetisheurs,
41–42

“field paranoia” syndrome,
167–168

financial support: cost in India and,
102
;

USAID and,
46
; WHA and,
10
,
47–48
.
See also
government support
;
pharmaceutical philanthropy

firefighting analogy,
15–16
,
58
,
78
,
118
,
171–172

Foege, David,
64
,
66
,
67
,
75

Foege, Michael,
37
,
43
,
88
,
157–158

Foege, Paula,
64
,
75
,
78

Foege, Robert,
88

Foege, William (Bill): arrests and,
66
,
70–71
; car incidents and,
113
,
114
; early experiences with smallpox,
19–24
; education of,
16–18
; influences in youth of,
12–16
; public health work in Africa and,
28–37
; research in Tonga and,
24–25
; shingles incident and,
114–115
; study with Weller and,
25–27
; T-shirt incident,
87
.
See also
Foege family

Foege family: in Denver,
19
; in India,
87–88
,
137–138
,
157–158
,
183–184
; in rural Nigeria,
29
,
30–35
,
37
; in urban Nigeria,
43–44
; wartime Nigeria and,
66–68
,
71

foreign workers,
110–111
,
135–136
,
159

forms,
109
,
110
,
155–157
,
197

Foster, Stan,
37
,
73

Francis, Don,
139

fraud,
126–127

“Friday Afternoon Reflections” (newsletter),
47

Frost, Wade Hampton,
17–18

Gandhi, Indira,
111–112
,
161

Gardner, Pierce,
24

Gates Foundation,
168
,
205n30

Gelfand, Henry,
36–37
,
69
,
75
,
84–85
,
167
,
205n2

GlaxoSmithKline,
168
,
205n30

global health field,
17

Glokpur, George,
53

goddess of smallpox,
89–90
,
96
,
152

Government of India,
98–100
,
110
,
140
; alliance with WHO,
129–131
; support from,
102–103
,
161
,
167

government support: as critical,
190
; in India,
102–103
,
161
,
167

Grasset, Nicole,
86
,
87
,
105
,
106
,
127–128
,
129
,
184

Gray, Herman,
35

Greenough, Paul,
206n1

Greenwald, Peter,
24

Harvard University, Department of Tropical Public Health,
26–27

Hawking, Stephen,
188

health education,
63

health workers,
73
,
86
,
102–103
,
115
; evaluation of personnel and,
137–139
; “field paranoia” syndrome and,
167–168
; strike by,
165–166
; suspicions of,
159–161
; tactical flexibility and,
190–191
; training of,
59
,
106–111
.
See also
containment teams
;
search teams
;
special epidemiologists

Henderson, D. A.,
19
; CDC and,
24
,
46
,
202n5
; program in India and,
86
,
102
,
164
; surveillance and containment strategy and,
75
; WHO eradication program and,
27
,
30
,
46
,
48–49

Henderson, Ralph (Rafe),
204n29

herd immunity,
53
,
74
,
189
.
See also
mass vaccination

history of smallpox,
5–8
; in Africa,
39–42
; in India,
88–92

Holwell, J. Z.,
89
,
91

Hopkins, Donald,
5–6
,
73
,
93
,
94

households,
110
,
151–153

human impacts of smallpox,
5–6

humility, value of,
192

Hunter, John,
8

Hunter, R. W.,
93

index case,
17–18
,
154

India,
11
; beginnings of program in,
86–88
; CDC managers in,
131–134
; containment improvements in,
151–153
; core alliance in,
129–131
,
166
; dissension in,
143–144
; early vaccination efforts in,
92–97
; first search in,
111–117
; history of smallpox in,
88–92
; key team members in,
123–127
; last case in,
184
; later searches in,
117–119
,
147–148
; main themes of program in,
122
; monthly meetings and,
140–144
,
169–172
; nationwide programs in,
98–104
; Operation Smallpox Zero in,
182–184
; outbreaks compared (1974 and 1975),
176–177
,
182
,
184
; rural
vs.
urban disparities in,
93
,
96–97
; scientific contributions of,
88–89
; SEARO team in,
127–129
; skepticism about strategy in,
83–86
; smallpox goddess in,
89–90
,
96
; smallpox incidence in,
97
,
100
; special epidemiologists in,
134–140
; strike by health workers in,
165–166
; surveillance improvements in,
148–150
; turning point in,
161–162
,
163–164
,
177
.
See also
Bihar
;
Uttar Pradesh

Indian Council of Medical Research,
98

Indonesia,
83

injections, attitudes toward,
45
.
See also
vaccination, resistence to

inoculation.
See
variolation

instruction sheets,
109
,
156–157
,
197

international community, assistance from,
11
,
52
.
See also
financial support;
World Health Organization (WHO)

Ismach, Aaron,
50

James, S. P.,
95

Jefferson, Thomas,
10

Jehan (Indian Shah),
88

Jenner, Edward,
8–10
,
47
,
92
,
93

jet injector,
26
,
45
,
49
,
50–52
; vaccine dilution and,
24–25
,
204n29

Jezek, Zdeno,
128

Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,
17–18

Joseph, N. (cook),
87
,
137

Journal of International Health,
75

Kingma, Stuart,
133

Kohlstedt, Jim,
14

Kohlstedt, Shirley,
14

Lagos, Nigeria,
63–65
,
64
,
70
,
71

Laney, Jim,
58

Langmuir, Alex,
18
,
27

leadership effectiveness,
191

Lewis, Meriwether,
10

Lichfield, Mary,
44

Lichfield, Paul,
44
,
58
,
60
,
70

Lincoln, Abraham,
7

Lucas, Adetokunbo,
63

Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod,
29

Lythcott, George,
201–202n1

Madhya Pradesh (Indian state),
106
,
121
,
176

maintenance phase,
98

Malin, Ali Maow,
186

management system in India,
133–134
mass vaccination: Abakaliki pilot project and,
58
,
59
; campaign in India and,
99
–
104
; with other diseases,
78–79
,
189
; phases of, in India,
98
; as primary strategy,
53–54
,
59
,
65–66
,
74
,
75–77
; threat of return to,
169–172
,
177
,
180