Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh (45 page)

28
For a detailed discussion of Senenmut's mysterious disappearance, plus a useful list of other publications on this subject, consult Schulman, A. R. (1969–70), Some Remarks on the Alleged ‘Fall’ of Senmut,
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
8: 29–48.

Chapter 8 The End and the Aftermath

1
Extract from the obelisk inscription of King Hatchepsut, translated by S. R. Snape.

2
The stela of Nakht from Sinai, for example, dated to Year 20 of the joint
reign, shows the two kings as equals, Hatchepsut on the right and Tuthmosis on the left, making parallel offerings to local deities.

3
See, for example, Edgerton, W. F. (1933),
The Tuthmoside Succession
, Chicago: 34: ‘If I were to hazard my personal guess, I should say that Hatchepsut's body was probably disposed of in the same manner as the bodies of Senta's children in the demotic tale – that the dogs and cats ate her.’

4
See, for example, Hayes, W. C. (1935),
Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII Dynasty
, Princeton: 151.

5
Published in Davis, T. M. (ed.) (1906),
The tomb of Hatshopsitu
, London: un-numbered plate opposite page 78.

6
Ciccarello, M. and Romer, J. (1979),
A Preliminary Report of the Recent Work in the Tombs of Ramesses X and XI in the Valley of the Kings
, San Fransisco: 3.

7
For a discussion of the tomb of Ramesses XI and its contents see Reeves, N. (1990),
Valley of the Kings: the decline of a Royal Necropolis
, London: 121–3.

8
Petrie, W. M. F. (1924),
A History of Egypt during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties
, 2, London: 92.

9
Donald P. Ryan describes the circumstances behind the rediscovery of this tomb, and discusses the Hatchepsut hypothesis, in Ryan, D. P. (1990), Who is buried in KV60?,
KMT
, 1:34–63.

10
Extract from the Annals of Tuthmosis III. Lichtheim, M. (1976),
Ancient Egyptian Literature II: the New Kingdom
, Los Angeles: 30.

11
Tuthmosis III – a Leonardo-like ‘Renaissance Man’ ahead of his time – is supposed to have designed the furnishings intended for the temple of Amen.

12
Maspero, G. (1889),
Les Momies Royales de Deir el-Bahari
, Paris: 547–8.

13
Hayes, W. C. (1935),
Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII Dynasty
, Princeton: 138.

14
Winlock, H. E. (1928), The Egyptian Expedition 1925–1927,
Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
, 23.1: 58.

15
Winlock, H. E. (1928), The Egyptian Expedition 1927–28,
Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
, 23.2:9.

16
Naville, E. in T. M. Davis (ed.) (1906),
The tomb of Hatshopsitu
, London: 71, 72.

17
Nims, C. F. (1966), The Date of the Dishonouring of Hatchepsut,
Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
, Leipzig: 97–100. The whole question of the defacement of Hatchepsut's monuments is discussed in great detail, with all relevant references, in Dorman, P. F. (1988),
The Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology
, London: Chapter 3.

18
See Lipinska, J. (1967), Names and History of the Sanctuaries built by Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahri,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
35: 25–33.

19
See Van Siclen, C. (1989), New data on the date of the defacement of Hatchepsut's name and image on the Chapelle Rouge,
Goettinger Miszellen
107: 85–6.

20
Winlock, H. E. (1928), The Egyptian Expedition 1925–1927,
Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
, 23.1: 46. Further details of the finding of statue-fragments at Deir el-Bahri are included in the Bulletin Volumes 18,23 and 24.

21
Winlock, H. E. (1928), The Egyptian Expedition 1925–1927,
Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
, 23.1: 46.

22
Unpublished work by the late Ramadan Saad, quoted in Dorman, P. F. (1988),
Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology
, London: Chapter 3.

23
A question already posed by Redford, D. B. (1967),
History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty: seven studies
, Toronto: 87: ‘Standing alone before the image of the queen, Tuthmosis relented. She was, after all, his own flesh… In the darkness of the crypt, in the stillness of the cella, her cold statues, which never vulgar eye would again behold, still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence.’

24
It could, however, be argued that, because of the brief and disturbed nature of Twosret's reign, she was unable to build the inscribed monuments which would have preserved the evidence of such a persecution. Twosret's monuments may not have been defaced simply because they did not exist.

25
Plutarch,
The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans
, translated by Sir Thomas North (1927), Oxford.

26
The history of the temple, which is inextricably bound up with Hatchepsut's own history, has been recorded by several authors; see for example Naville, E. (1894),
The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir
, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London; Wysocki, Z. (1979),
The Temple of Queen Hatchepsut: Results of the investigations and conservation works of the Polish-Egyptian archaeological Mission 1968–72
, Warsaw.

27
Naville, E. (1894),
The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir
, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London: 3.

28
Wilkinson, J. G. (1835),
Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt
, London.

29
Lepsius, K. R., translated by L. and J. R. Horner (1853),
Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai
, London: 255–6.

30
Sharpe, S. (1859),
The History of Egypt: from the earliest times till the conquest by the Arabs
AD
640, London.

31
Pierret, P. (1875),
Dictionnaire d'Archéologie Égyptienne
, Paris: 248. Translation, author's own.

Further Reading

The references listed below include the more basic and accessible publications with preference given to those written in English; all these works include bibliographies which will be of interest to those seeking detailed references on specific subjects. More specialized references to points raised in the text have been included in the notes.

Aldred, C. (1980),
Egyptian Art
, London.

Baines, J. and Malek, J. (1980),
Atlas of Ancient Egypt
, Oxford.

Breasted, J. H. (1906),
Ancient Records of Egypt: historical documents
, 5 volumes, Chicago.

Dorman, P. F. (1988),
The Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology
, London.

Dorman, P. F. (1991),
The Tombs of Senenmut
, New York.

Gardiner, A. (1961),
Egypt of the Pharaohs
, Oxford.

Grimal, N.,
A History of Ancient Egypt
, translated by I. Shaw (1992), Oxford.

Harris, J. E. and Wente, E. F. (1980),
An X-Ray Analysis of the Royal Mummies
, Chicago and London.

Hayes, W. C. (1935),
Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII Dynasty
, Princeton.

Hayes, W. C. (1959),
The Scepter of Egypt Vol II
, Cambridge, Mass.

Hayes, W. C. (1973), Egypt: internal affairs from Tuthmosis I to the death of Amenophis III, in I. E. S. Edwards
et al
. (eds),
The Cambridge Ancient History
, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1: 313–416.

James, T. G. H. (1973), Egypt: from the expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, in I. E. S. Edwards
et al
. (eds),
The Cambridge Ancient History
, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1:289–312.

Kemp, B.J. (1989),
Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization
, London.

Lichtheim, M. (1976),
Ancient Egyptian Literature II: the New Kingdom
, Los Angeles.

Manetho, translated by W. G. Waddell (1956), Cambridge, Mass. and London.

Naville, E. (1895–1908),
The Temple of Deir el-Bahari
, 7 volumes, London.

Ratie, S. (1979),
La Reine Hatchepsout; sources et problèmes
, Leyden.

Redford, D. B. (1967),
History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty: seven studies
, Toronto.

Reeves, C. N. (1990),
Valley of the Kings: the decline of a royal necropolis
, London.

Robins, G. (1993),
Women in Ancient Egypt
, London.

Shafer, B. E., ed. (1991),
Religion in Ancient Egypt: gods, myths and personal practices
, London.

Smith, G. E. (1912),
The Royal Mummies
, Cairo.

Stevenson Smith, W,
The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
, revised and edited by W. K. Simson (1981) New Haven.

Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., eds (1983),
Ancient Egypt: a social history
, Cambridge.

Troy, L. (1986),
Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History
, Boreas.

Tyldesley, J. A. (1994),
Daughters of Isis: women of ancient Egypt
, London.

Watterson, B. (1991),
Women in Ancient Egypt
, Stroud.

Index

Figures in italic refer to a picture caption on that page.

Abd el-Rassul family of Gurna
92–3

Abu Simbel
172–3

Abydos
27
,
230

Africa, royal women of
48

Africanus
13
,
230

Afterlife
35
,
72
,
169
,
210
,
216

Ahhotep I, queen
47
,
57–8
,
92
,
97–8
,
200

Ahhotep II, queen
127

Ahmose, pharaoh
24–7
,
34
;

accession
24
,
55
;

and Ahhotep I
57–8
,
97–8
;

building projects
61
;

cult and oracle of
108
;

honours grandmother, Tetisheri
43
,
44
,
61
;

and Hyksos
24–5
,
26
,
141
;

military campaigns
24–7
,
141
;

mummy
93

Ahmose, queen
65
,
75–7
,
83
,
104
,
175

Ahmose, son of Ibana
24–6
,
61–2
,
70–71
,
83
,
141

Ahmose Nefertari, queen
123
,
133
;

burial
92
,
93
,
200
;

cult
57
,
62
;

political role
57
,
58–62
,
97–8
;

religious patronage
61
,
159

Ahmose-Pennekheb (soldier)
26
,
82
,
83
,
88
,
116

Ahwere, Princess
66

Akhbetneferu, Princess
75

Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), pharaoh
33
,
66
,
110
,
136
,
144
,
226–7

Akhenkheres, daughter of Oros
136

Akhmim
181

Amarna, tombs at
53

Amarna period
202
,
223

Amazons
140

Amduat
(funerary literature)
123

Amen (god)
13
,
30
,
169
;

barque of
106–7
,
108
,
152
,
153
,
170
;