Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century (58 page)

Emil von; Bishop, J.

Michael; Blumberg, Baruch;

Bovet, Daniel; Brown,

Michael; Carrel, Alexis;

Chain, Ernst; Churchill,

Winston; Cohen, Stanley;

Cournand, André; Curie,

Marie; Dale, Henry;

Domagk, Gerhard; Egas

Moniz, António; Ehrlich,

Paul; Einstein, Albert;

Einthoven, Willem; Elion,

Gertrude; Enders, John;

Feynman, Richard; Fibiger,

Johannes; Fleming,

Alexander; Florey, Howard;

Forssman, Werner;

Furchgott, Robert;

Goldstein, Joseph;

Hodgkin, Alan; Hodgkin,

Dorothy; Huggins, Charles;

Ignarro, Louis; Kendall,

Edward; Koch, Robert;

Lauterbur, Paul; Lee,

Tsung-Dao; Loewi, Otto;

Luria, Salvador; Marshall,

Barry; Medawar, Peter;

Metchnikoff, Ilya; Monod,

Jacques; Murad, Ferid;

Ossietzky, Carl von; Planck,

Max; Rabi, Isidor; Ramón

y Cajal, Santiago; Richards,

Dickinson; Richet, Charles;

Röntgen, Wilhelm; Rous,

Peyton; Rutherford, Ernest;

Szent-Györgyi, Albert;

Temin, Howard; Vane,

John; Varmus, Harold;

Wagner-Jauregg, Julius;

Waksman, Selman; Warren,

J. Robin; Yalow, Rosalyn;

Yang, Chen Ying

Noble, Clark, 131–132

Noble, Robert, 132–134, 305–306

nonobjective painting, 7–8

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 149–150

noradrenaline, 244, 245, 275, 356

norepinephrine, 275

nuclear precession, 21

oncogenes, 157–158, 182

organ transplants, immunosuppressants and, 90

orthodoxy, 305

Ossietzky, Carl von, 55

p53 gene, 160–161

PABA, 329–330

Papanicolaou, George, 178

Pap smear, 178

Park, Robert, 12

PAS (paraaminosalicylic acid), 330

Pasteur, Louis, 7, 31–33

Patterson, James T., 169

Paxil, 279, 309

peer review, 303–307, 318, 366–367

penicillin, 332–334

Fleming's role in discovery of, 60–69

uncovering usefulness of, 70–77

World War II and, 75–77

penicillium, 66–69, 71, 75, 332

Penicillium chrysogenum
, 75

Penicillium notatum
, 66–69, 71

peptic ulcers.
See
ulcers

periodic table, 38

periwinkle, 131–134

Perkin, William Henry, 48–49

perspective, distortion and, 8–13

Petri, Richard Julius, 35–36

Petri dish, 35–36

pharmaceutical industry, 42

in Germany, 49–50

lack of innovation and, 307–313

marketing by, 308–310, 368

penicillin and, 76–77

regulation of, 317–318

pharmacogenomics, 312, 368

Phenergan (promethazine), 267

phenolphthalein, 48–49

Planck, Max, 5–6

platelets, 165

Plath, Sylvia, 251

platinum, 135–137

polio vaccine, 159–160

polymorphism, 92

polymyxins, 335

post facto
logic, 21–23

post hoc, ergo propter hoc
, 13–14

postoperative infections, 32

precious metals, 135–137

Prilosec (omeprazole), 310

probenecid, 78

Prontosil, 51–55

Propecia, 311–312

prostaglandins, 238

prostate cancer, 138–139

protozoa, discovery of, 30

Prozac, 278–280, 309

psychiatric treatments

early, 246–251

lobotomies, 252–259

See also
psychotropic drugs

psychoactive drugs, 18, 287–299

psychopharmacology, 241–245

psychosomatic medicine, 100–101

psychosurgery, 252–259

psychotomimetic, 292

psychotropic drugs, 18, 241–245

antidepressants, 273–280

disulfiram, 284–286

Librium, 241, 281–283

lithium, 260–265, 359–360

LSD, 241, 245, 287–299

Miltown, 241, 245, 270–272

Thorazine, 241, 245, 258, 266–269, 291, 305

Valium, 241, 245, 281–283, 291, 363

quartz string, 190–191

questions, asking, 14–15

quinine, 48

Rabi, Isidor, 14

rabies, 33

radioactivity, discovery of, xii

radioimmunoassay (RIA), 19–20

radiology, xii

RAF, 163

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 242

randomness, 24

rare diseases, lack of research on, 310–311

rational drug design, 312, 368

rational thought, 6

reason, as pathway to creative thought, 14

red blood cells, 165

researchers

characteristics of, 6–7

education of, 313–315

research grants, 301–307, 318

reserpine, 18, 274–275

retrospective falsification, 23

retroviruses, 155–158

reverse transcriptase, 156

Revlimid, 153

rheumatoid arthritis, 137

Rhines, Chester, 83

Rhoads, Cornelius P., 123, 125, 172, 346–347

Richards, Dickinson, 198

Richet, Charles, 22

RNA, viral, 155–156

Rockefeller Foundation, 301

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 301

Rogaine, 311

Rogerson, Gerard, 152

Romazicon (flumazenil), 364

Röntgen, Wilhelm, xii, 22

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 121

Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 54, 58

Root-Bernstein, Robert, 6

Rosenberg, Barnet, 135–137

Rothlin, Ernst, 290

Rothstein, Aser, 17, 22, 24

Rous, Peyton, 154–156

Rutherford, Ernest, 18

sagacity, 6

Sagan, Carl, 369

Sakel, Manfred, 247–249, 259

Salem witches, 297

Salk, Jonas, 159

Salvarsan, 45–47

Sanderson, John Burdon, 332

Sarafem (Prozac), 279, 309

Sargant, William, 255

Saunders, John, 276

Saxe, John Godfrey, 11–12

Schatz, Albert, 84–90

Schaudinn, Fritz, 43

schizophrenia, 242

electroshock therapy for, 250–251

insulin shock treatment for, 247–249

Metrazol for, 249–250

Thorazine for, 266–269

Schou, Mogens, 263

science

normal vs. revolutionary, 4–6

similarities between the arts and, 15–17

scientific discoveries, 12–13

creativity and, 6–7

credit for, 276

portrayal of, by scientific establishment, 2

reality of, 2–4

reasons for decline in, 300–315

reporting of, 21–24

role of chance in, 4–6, 21–22

through serendipity, xii–xiv, 2–4, 6–7, 20, 24–25

unexpected nature of, 170–171

scientific education, 313–315, 317

scientific journals, 318–319

scientific method, 345–346

scientific mind, 6–7

scientific research

changing climate for, 300–303

targeted, 170–180, 302–303

Scott, Sir Walter, 16

sedatives, 241, 281–283

Seldinger, Sven-Ivar, 199

selective angiocardiography, 198–199

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 278–280

self-experimentation, 109

Semmelweis, Ignaz, 32

sepsis, 32

Serendip, 6

serendipity

cultivating, 300–303, 315–320

role of, in scientific discoveries, xii–xiv, 2–4, 6–7, 20, 24–25