God's War: A New History of the Crusades (165 page)

45
. Innocent III, Hageneder et al.,
Register
, i, no. 555; ii, no. 212; E. Kennan, ‘Innocent III and the First Political Crusade’,
Traditio
, 27 (1971), 231–49; N. Housley, ‘Crusades against Christians’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. Edbury, pp. 27–8.

16: The Fourth Crusade: Preparations

1
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 93. In general, D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden,
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople
(Philadelphia 1997); M. Angold,
The Fourth Crusade
(London 2003).

2
. At least once he rather belatedly found out about the violence and pillage, see his letter of 12 July 1205, translated in Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 163–8.

3
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 294.

4
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 29–31.

5
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 145–8.

6
. For Germany, Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 67–72 and p. 149 note 28 and ref. For the British Isles, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 96, 160, 162, 163, 167, 168, 170; A. Macquarrie,
Scotland and the Crusades
, pp. 32–3.

7
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 19–21.

8
. Ralph of Coggeshall, trans. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 280; Mas-Latrie,
Chronique d’Ernoul
, p. 338; cf.
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, trans. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 213.

9
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 67–77, 149 note 28; placing the sermon less plausibly given the subsequent chronology of Martin’s crusade in 1200, C. Maier, ‘Kirche, Kreuz und Ritual’,
Deutches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters
, 55 (1999); Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 38–9, 51.

10
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, p. 68.

11
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 29.

12
. For biographical information, J. Longnon,
Les Compagnons de Villehardouin
(Geneva 1978).

13
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 33–4, 102, 117–18.

14
.
Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt
, trans. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 246 and, generally, pp. 246–64.

15
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 250.

16
. Hugues de Berzé,
S’Onques nus hom pour dure departie
, written in Lombardy in June 1202, Bédier and Aubry,
Chansons
, pp. 126–9.

17
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 186.

18
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 36–7; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 34; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 147 (‘in stipendia bellatorum’ in Latin, Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 111); Andrea,
Sources
, p. 188.

19
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 40–41, 52–3.

20
. A. Wauters (ed.),
Table chronologique des chartes et diplômes imprimés concernant l’histoire de la Belgique
(Brussels 1866–1965), iii, 174.

21
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 247.

22
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 96 and p. 400, note 35 and refs.; Baldwin,
The Government of Philip Augustus
, pp. 96 and 480 note 62.

23
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 191.

24
. According to the contemporary
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 213.

25
.
Collection des principaux cartulaires du diocese de Troyes
, vi,
Cartulaire de Montier-le-Celle
, ed. C. Lalone (Paris-Troyes 1882), pp. 10–11, no. 9;
Pèlerins Champenois en Palestine
, ed. A. de Barthelemy,
Revue de l’Orient Latin
, 1 (1898), p. 366.

26
.
Chartes de Chapitre de Sainte-Waudru de Mons
, ed. L. Devillers (Brussels 1899–1913), i, no. XLV, pp. 84–6.

27
. Röhricht,
Regesta
, pp. 202–3; for the possible reply suggesting negotiation not war, J. Bongars (ed.),
Gesta Dei Per Francos
(Hanover 1611), pp. 1,125–9.

28
. For the text of the treaty, G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas,
Urkunden zur alteren Handelsund Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig
(Vienna 1856–7), i, 362–73; cf. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 33.

29
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 40, 52–3.

30
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 33–9; cf. J. M. Powell, ‘Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed’,
The Experience of Crusading
, i, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), pp. 96–102.

31
. Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 46–54, 61–4.

32
. Villehardouin,
La Conquête de Constantinople
, ed. E. Faral, i (Paris 1961), p. 14.

33
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 37; Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iv, 73.

34
. The Anonymous Monk of St Nicholas of the Lido,
Historia de Translatione
, RHC Occ., v, 253–78 and above pp. 255–6.

35
. Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden
, i, 362–73; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 33–5. Cf. the insightful discussion by J. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade and the Diversion to Constantinople’,
Experience of Crusading
, ed. Bull and Housley, i, 103–23.

36
. E.g. the Anonymous of Soissons reflecting, perhaps, the views of Bishop Nivelo concerning the Venetians’ ‘excessive’ demands, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 233; cf. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, pp. 37–41.

37
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 40.

38
. Pryor, ‘Venetian Fleet’, esp. pp. 114–17 and note 6;
Nicetas
, pp. 295–6; the
Devastatio Constantinopolinana
and Hugh of St Pol, Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 186–201, 212–21.

39
. Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 52–8 is a sensitive reading.

40
.
Nicetas
, p. 295.

41
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 23.

42
. William of Tyre,
History
, i, 552–6.

43
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 35–41 for this and what follows.

44
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 45.

45
. Villehardouin,
Conquête
, p. 42.

46
. Villehardouin,
Conquête
, p. 42 cf. Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 25–7 and refs. for a different view of Boniface as a ‘brilliant choice’; I am grateful to Dr Jean Dunbabin for her thoughts on the French royal dimension.

47
.
Gesta Innocenti
, chap. 83, PL, ccxiv, col. 132; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 38; Baldwin,
The Government of Philip Augustus
, p. 481 note 1. King Philip could have argued he was formally involved, his putative approval having been anticipated in the Treaty of Venice, Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden
, i, 367.

48
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 107–8. Boniface’s fame was also gilded by a personal publicist, his friend the troubadour Raimbaut of Vaqueiras.

49
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 37–8; Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden
, i, 369.

50
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 45.

51
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 45;
Devastatio
, probably reflecting a Rhinelander experience, Andrea,
Sources
, p. 213.

52
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 41.

17: The Fourth Crusade: Diversion

1
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 166 and for the whole letter, pp. 163–8.

2
. The main narratives are Villehardouin, Robert of Clari and Gunther of Pairis; important shorter accounts by Hugh of St Pol, the Anonymous of Soissons, the author of
The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt
and the
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
, are translated in Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 186–264; the useful
Chronicle of Novgorod
is translated by J. Gordon,
Byzantion
, 43 (1973), 297–311; cf. Innocent’s letters and his
Gesta
in PL, 214.

3
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 42; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 40.

4
. Andrea,
Sources
, p. 213.

5
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 40; Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 42.

6
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 43; Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 41; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 213, 233; Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, pp. 77–8.

7
. Robert of Clari recorded 36,000 marks,
Conquest
, p. 41.

8
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 43–4.

9
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 42.

10
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 43; Andrea,
Sources
, p. 250 and pp. 35–48; for Innocent’s correspondence cf. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, p. 78.

11
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, pp. 47–8.

12
. Robert of Clari,
Conquest
, p. 44.

13
. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay,
The History of the Albigensian Crusade
, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 58, and pp. 57–9 for the events at Zara in general; Peter was Abbot Guy’s nephew.

14
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 54.

15
. For the term, Villehardouin,
Conquête
, ed. Faral, p. 200; Robert of Clari,
La Conquête de Constantinople
, ed. P. Lauer (Paris 1924), p. 81; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 188, 213. For clarifying thoughts and discussion of this and related points on the structure of the army, I am indebted to a paper by Jonathan Riley-Smith given in Oxford in January 2004.

16
. Villehardouin,
Conquête
, ed. Faral, p. 100.

17
. Villehardouin,
Conquête
, ed. Faral, pp. 148–52.

18
. Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
, p. 78.

19
. Robert of Clari,
Conquête
, p. 16.

20
. PL, 214, cols. 1,123–5; Andrea,
Sources
, pp. 35–9.

21
. Villehardouin,
Conquest
, p. 50.

22
. For useful surveys, Angold,
Byzantine Empire
and
Fourth Crusade
; Magdalino,
Empire of Manuel I Comnenus
; J. Harris,
Byzantium and the Crusades
(London 2003).