Gods and Soldiers (41 page)

BREYTEN BREYTENBACH FIRST came to public attention when, from Paris, where he worked as a painter and poet, he sought permission from the South African authorities to bring his Vietnamese-born wife home on a visit, and was informed that as a couple they would not be welcome. The embarrassment of this cause célèbre persuaded the authorities, in 1973, to relent and issue limited visas. In Cape Town Breytenbach addressed a packed audience at a literary symposium. “We [Afrikaners],” he said, “are a bastard people with a bastard language. Our nature is one of bastardy. It is good and beautiful thus . . . [But] like all bastards—uncertain of their identity—we began to adhere to the concept of
purity.
That is apartheid.
Apartheid is the law of the bastard.
”
²²

A record of that visit appeared, first in the Netherlands, then in the English-speaking world, in
A Season in Paradise,
a memoir interspersed with poems, reminiscences and reflections on the South African situation; it included the text of the address.

In 1975 Breytenbach was back, but in a new role: on a clandestine mission to recruit saboteurs on behalf of the African National Congress. He was soon picked up by the security police, and spent seven years in jail. Returning to France, he publicly cut ties with his people: “I do not consider myself to be an Afrikaner.”
²³
Nevertheless, during the 1980s he paid for further private visits, under police supervision. A 1991 visit gave rise to
Return to Paradise,
the narrative of a journey through the “reformed” South Africa of F. W. de Klerk. As he explained, the book was meant to be read together with
A Season in Paradise
and his prison memoir
The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist
as an autobiographical triptych.

The titles of the
Paradise
books cast an ironical glance at Rimbaud's
Une Saison en enfer.
“This region of damnation,” he calls South Africa in
Return to Paradise.
“I am looking at the future and it chills me to the bone.” The revolution has been betrayed; cliques of middle-aged men are bargaining for their slice of the cake while on the ground their followers fight on mindlessly. The new order on the point of emerging—“more broadly based hegemony but [the] same mechanisms and same sadness”—is not what he fought for. If his own “whimpers for an impossible revolution” are utopian, it remains the right of the poet to imagine a future beyond the dreams of politicians, to have his prophetic say in the future. He even has the right to bite the hand that has fed him.
²⁴

At a more down-to-earth level, the story of the 1991 visit includes poetry readings in noisy halls where the audience does not understand the language and comes only to inspect the oddity named Breytenbach; perplexed reactions from old comrades-in-arms (“But aren't you
ever
happy? Now that we've won, can't you
rejoice?
”); incomprehension and hostility when he asserts that his role in the future will be, as in the past, “to be against the norm, orthodoxy, the canon, hegemony, politics, the State, power.” These are sentiments which do not go down well in a country that has, as he observes dryly, slid straight from pre-humanity to post-humanity.
²⁵

He uses the book to lash out, in anguish and bitterness, in all directions: against white liberals, against the South African Communist Party and “more-doctrinaire-than-thou” bourgeois leftists, against former associates like Wole Soyinka and Jesse Jackson, and particularly, for their treatment of him when he was in jail, against the ANC itself:

The plague that Breytenbach pronounces upon all parties—a condemnation in which, despite the pungency of the language, there is something wild and out of control—makes up the less interesting half of the book. Its best pages address a more intimate and more fundamental concern: what it means to him to be rooted in a landscape, to be African-born. For though he has spent almost all his adult life in Europe, Breytenbach does not feel himself to be a European:

What he means by saying that Africa allows him to use his senses and his capabilities fully is revealed in page after magical page as he responds to the sights and sounds of “the primordial continent.” As a writer, Breytenbach has the gift of being able to descend effortlessly into the Africa of the poetic unconscious and return with the rhythm and the words, the words in the rhythm, that give life. He is aware of the gift. It is not an individual matter, he insists, but is inherited from his ancestors, “forefathers with the deep eyes of injured baboons,” whose lives were spent in intimate relation with their native landscape, so that when he speaks that landscape he is speaking in their voice as much as his own.
²⁸

It is this very traditional, very African realization—that his deepest creative being is not his own but belongs to an ancestral consciousness—that gives rise to some of the pain and confusion recorded in
Return to Paradise.
For though Breytenbach may recognize how marginal he has become in what is nowadays on all sides, with varying degrees of irony, called “the new South Africa,” and may even enjoy dramatizing himself as the one without a self, the bastard, the “nomadic nobody,” or, in his favorite postmodern figure, the face in the mirror, a textual shadow without substance, he knows that ultimately he owes his strength to his native earth and his ancestors.
²⁹
Thus the most moving passages in the book tell of visiting his father's deathbed, renewing friendships, making peace with his brothers, taking his wife to the old places of Africa.

Dog Heart,
Breytenbach's 1999 memoir, confines itself to a tiny area of South Africa, a region of the Western Cape province dubbed by him “Heartland,” and within it to the town of Montagu, not far from his birthplace, where, as he records, he and his wife buy and restore a house for their own use. The economy of this area is based on viticulture and fruit farming; but in recent years Montagu itself (pop. 23,000), a town of some charm, blessed with hot springs and a spectacular setting, has become a haven for retired people, artists, and craft-workers. Demo-graphically it is unrepresentative of the country as a whole. Whereas two thirds of the national population is black (we will brave the mine-field of racial terminology in a moment), the people of Breytenbach's Montagu are overwhelmingly brown or white; though nationwide Afrikaans is the mother tongue of only one person in seven, in Montagu it predominates; and, in a country whose population is skewed towards youth (nearly half of it is under the age of twenty-one), Montagu is a town of aging people: the young have migrated to the cities in search of work.

Crude though they may be, these statistics should alert us against taking
Dog Heart
for what it is not and does not pretend to be: a report on the state of the South African nation in the 1990s. Breytenbach's Heartland is not a microcosm of South Africa;
Dog Heart
has little to say about politics or black-white relations on a national scale. What it does report on, with intimate attention, is power relations between white and brown in the countryside.

Who are Breytenbach's so-called brown people? The seeming innocence of the appellation conceals problems not only of anthropology (culture, genetics) and history (who holds the power to call whom what, and how was that power won?), but of a conceptual nature too: what does it mean to be neither black nor white, to be defined in negative terms, as, in effect, a person without qualities?

For that is how brown (or coloured or Coloured—with a
C
the term still carries apartheid echoes; with a
c
it is more or less neutral) people were defined under apartheid legislation. The category
Coloured
was meant to pick out the descendants of unions between people (usually men) of European (so-called Caucasian) descent and people (usually women) of indigenous African (usually Khoi—the term “Hottentot” is no longer polite) or Asian (usually Indonesian slave) birth. But in practice it captured many others besides, of genetically diverse origins: people of “pure” Khoi—or indeed of “pure” “African” descent—whom circumstance had led to adopt a European or European-derived name and language and lifestyle; people who through endogamy had retained a “purely” Asian, Islamic identity; “Europeans” who for one reason or another had dropped through the net of “whiteness” and were leading “mixed” lives.

Though apartheid legislation assumed a system of classification watertight enough to allocate each individual South African to one of four categories (white, Coloured, African, Indian), the basis of the system was ultimately tautological: a white was defined as a person of white appearance whom the white community accepted as white, and so forth.

The most conceptually sophisticated resistance to classification came from “coloured” quarters: if there was no “Coloured” community prepared to concede that it had pre-existed its creation by apartheid, then, logically, there could be no community criterion of “Coloured-ness.” Throughout the apartheid years the status “Coloured” was, across almost the entire range of people whom it implicated, accepted, so to speak, under protest, as an identity forced upon them. Insofar as there is or was a “Coloured” community, it was a community created by the common fate of being forced to behave, in the face of authority, as “Coloured.”

It is this history of contestation that Breytenbach calls up when he writes of “brown” people: a history of two or three million South Africans of highly diverse ethnic and social origins first compelled to conceive of themselves as a community, even (in one of the loftier predictions of apartheid historiography) as “a nation in the making”; then, in 1994, entering into a dispensation in which, while the old race laws were abolished, racial distinctions had nevertheless to be kept alive to make possible the social-engineering measures known in English as “affirmative action” and in Afrikaans, more bluntly, as “putting-right.” “First not white enough, then not black enough,” they complained, not without reason.

The issue of whether there is or ought to be a category between black and white is not unique to South Africa. The rights of ethnic or cultural minorities in the multi-ethnic nation-state constitute a critical issue worldwide; debate is rife in Latin America and other corners of the postcolonial world on the politics of
mestizo
identity. In South Africa this ferment has prompted people excluded from the “natural” identities of black and white to explore cultural identities for themselves entirely divorced from the set of options offered by apartheid—identities that link them to a precolonial past and even to a history older than that of “black” South Africans. Archaeological researches push the date of the migration of “black” Africans, speakers of Bantu languages, into the territory of the present South Africa further and further back in time, but no one proposes they have been there as long as the primeval huntergatherers of the dry southwest, the mythical heartland of Breytenbach's “brown” people.

Being called, in 1973, “a bastard people with a bastard language” jolted even those Afrikaners sympathetic to Breytenbach. But in the years that have passed since then,
bastardy
—or, more politely,
hybridity
—has become a fashionable term in cultural history and cultural politics. Revisionist historians are busy rewriting the story of the Southern African colonial frontier as a zone of barter and exchange where old cultural baggage was shed and new baggage taken aboard, and where new identities—even new racial identities—were tried on like clothing. For adventurously-minded Afrikaners, laying claim to a dark ancestor now holds considerable cachet (Breytenbach himself is not immune to such self-fashioning).

Thus, half a century after the National Party came to power vowing to preserve at whatever cost the Christian Aryan identity of the Afrikaner, the wheel has come full circle: the intellectual vanguard of the Afrikaans-speaking sector, nervous of the name “Afrikaner” so long as it carries its old historical freight of racial exclusivity, yet unable to offer a better one, claim that they represent instead an embryonic, genetically hybrid, culturally syncretic, religiously diverse, non-exclusive, as yet unnamed group (“people” remains too loaded a term) defined (loosely) by attachment to a language—Afrikaans—of mixed provenance (Dutch, Khoi, Malay) but rooted in the African continent.

Breytenbach makes a large historical claim for his Heartland region: that during the time when it was part of the colonial frontier it bred a restless, nomadic, mongrel type of Afrikaner, without the social pretensions of farmers from the neighboring, more settled Boland region, where the economy had been built on slave labor—a being, in fact, not unlike the alternative Afrikaner just described.