God and the Folly of Faith: The Incompatibility of Science and Religion (47 page)

20
. Arvind Borde, Alan H. Guth, and Alexander Vilenkin, “Inflationary Spacetimes Are Not Past-Complete,”
Physical Review Letters
90 (2003): 151301.

21
. Ravi K. Zacharias,
The End of Reason: A Response to the New Atheists
(Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008), p. 31.

22
. Dinesh D'Souza,
What's So Great About Christianity?
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2007), p. 116.

23
. Tony Rothman, “A ‘What You See Is What You Beget’ Theory,”
Discover
(May 1987), p. 99.

24
. Collins,
The Language of God
, p. 75.

25
. Stenger,
The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning
,
chapter 2
.

26
. Brandon Carter, “Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology” (paper presented at the IAU [International Astronomical Union] Symposium 63: Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, Dordrecht, Germany, 1974).

27
. John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler,
The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
(Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

28
. Martin J. Rees,
Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe
(New York: Basic Books, 2000; first published in 1999); John D. Barrow,
The Constants of Nature: From Alpha to Omega
(London: Jonathan Cape, 2002); Paul Davies,
The Goldilocks Enigma: Why Is the Universe Just Right for Life?
(London: Allen Lane, 2006).

29
. Hugh Ross,
The Creator and the Cosmos: How the Greatest Scientific Discoveries of the Century Reveal God
(Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 1995); Richard Swinburne, “Argument from the Fine-Tuning of the Universe,” in
Modern Cosmology & Philosophy
, ed. John Leslie (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988), pp. 160–79.

30
. Hugh Ross, “Big Bang Model Refined by Fire,” in
Mere Creation: Science, Faith & Intelligent Design
, ed. William A. Dembski (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998), pp. 363–83.

31
. Rich Deem, “Evidence for the Fine Tuning of the Universe,” Evidence for God,
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html
(accessed January 10, 2011).

32
. Stephen W. Hawking,
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
(Toronto, ON; New York: Bantam Books, 1988), pp. 121–22.

33
. Deem says “mass of the universe,” but referring to his source, Ross, it is clear that Deem should have said mass density of the universe.

34
. Ross, “Big Bang Model Refined by Fire,” p. 373.

35
. Leonard Susskind,
The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design
(New York: Little, Brown, 2005), pp. 65–78.

36
. Demos Kazanas, “Dynamics of the Universe and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking,”
Astrophysical Journal
241 (1980): L59–L63; Alan H. Guth, “Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems,”
Physcial Review
D
23, no. 2 (1981): 347–56; Andrei D. Linde, “A New Inflationary Universe Scenario: A Possible Solution of the Horizon, Flatness, Homogeneity, Isotropy, and Primordial Monopole Problems,”
Physics Letters B
108 (1982): 389.

37
. See Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. 128.

38
. Ned Wright, “Errors in the Steady State and Quasi-SS Models,”
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm
(accessed January 11, 2011).

39
. A. D. Linde, “Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe,”
Physics Letters B
175, no. 4 (1986): 395–400; A. Vilenkin,
Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2006); Bernard Carr, ed.,
Universe or Multiverse?
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

40
. Richard Swinburne,
Is There a God?
(Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

41
. Don N. Page, “Evidence against Fine Tuning for Life,” January 12, 2011,
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1101.2444v1
(accessed January 20, 2011); Don Page, “Does God So Love the Multiverse?” in
Science and Religion in Dialogue
, ed. Melville Y. Stewart (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pp. 380–95.

42
. Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. 50.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Anthony N. Aguirre and Steven Gratton, “Inflation without a Beginning: A Null Boundary Proposal,”
Physical Review
D
67 (2003): 083516.

45
. Alexander Vilenkin, e-mail communication, May 21, 2010.

46
. Page, “Evidence against Fine Tuning for Life.”

47
. Linde, “Eternally Existing Self-Reproducing Chaotic Inflationary Universe”; Vilenkin,
Many Worlds in One
; Carr,
Universe or Multiverse?

48
. Vilenkin,
Many Worlds in One
, pp. 141–51; Stephen Feeney et al., “First Observational Tests of Eternal Inflation,” December 10, 2010,
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.1995v1
(accessed January 14, 2011).

49
. Susskind,
The Cosmic Landscape
.

50
. Steven Weinberg, “Living in the Multiverse,” in
Universe or Multiverse?
ed. Bernard Carr (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 29–42.

51
. For a detailed demonstration, see Stenger,
The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning
.

52
. Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. 128.

53
. Gerard ’tHooft, “Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity,” last revised March 2009,
http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9310026
(accessed January 11, 2011); Raphael Buosso, “The Holographic Principle,”
Reviews of Modern Physics
74 (2002): 825–75.

54
. F. Hoyle et al., “A State in C12 Predicted from Astronomical Evidence,”
Physical Review Letters
92 (1953): 1095; Barrow and Tipler,
The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
, p. 252.

55
. M. Livio et al., “The Anthropic Significance of the Existence of an Excited State of C12,”
Nature
340 (1989): 281–84.

56
. D. I. Kazakov, “Beyond the Standard Model (In Search of Supersymmetry),” lectures given at the European School for High Energy Physics, Caramulo, Portugal, August/September 2000.

57
. Ross,
The Creator and the Cosmos.

58
. André Linde, “Quantum Creation of the Inflationary Universe,”
Physics Letters
108B (1982): 389–92; James B. Hartle and Stephen W. Hawking, “Wave Function of the Universe,”
Physical Review
D
28 (1983): 2960–75; Alexander Vilenkin, “Boundary Conditions in Quantum Cosmology,”
Physical Review
D
33 (1986): 3560–69; David Atkatz, “Quantum Cosmology for Pedestrians,”
American Journal of Physics
62, no. 7 (1994): 619–27; David Atkatz and Heinz Pagels, “Origin of the Universe as a Quantum Tunneling Event,”
Physical Review Letters
D
25 (2001): 083508.

59
. Vilenkin, Alexander, “Creation of Universes from Nothing,”
Physics Letters B
117B (1982): 25–28.

60
. A. Vilenkin,
Many Worlds in One
, chapter 17.

61
. James B. Hartle and Stephen W. Hawking, “Wave Function of the Universe,”
Physical Review
D
28 (1983): 2960–75.

62
. This scenario is worked out at an undergraduate mathematical level in Victor J. Stenger,
The Comprehensible Cosmos: Where Do the Laws of Physics Come From?
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006), pp: 312–19.

63
. Stephen W. Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow,
The Grand Design
(New York: Bantam Books, 2010).

64
. Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. 175.

65
. Carl Sagan, in Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. x.

66
. Hartle and Hawking, “Wave Function of the Universe,” 2960–75.

67
. Hawking and Mlodinow,
The Grand Design
, p. 180.

68
. Ibid., p. 5.

69
. Ibid., p. 42.

70
. Ibid., p. 46.

71
. Ibid., p. 136.

72
. Ibid., p. 164.

73
. Robert Wright,
The Evolution of God
(New York: Little, Brown, 2009).

74
. Paul Davies and John R. Gribbin,
The Matter Myth: Dramatic Discoveries That Challenge Our Understanding of Physical Reality
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

75
. Seth Lloyd,
Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

76
. Niels Henrik Gregersen, “God, Matter, and Information: Towards a Stoicizing Logos Christianity,” in
Information and the Nature of Reality: From Physics to Metaphysics
, ed. Paul Davies and Niels Henrik Gregersen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 339.

77
. Wright,
The Evolution of God
, p, 216.

78
. Gregersen, “God, Matter, and Information,” p. 325.

79
. John F. Haught, “Information, Theology, and the Universe,” in
Information and the Nature of Reality: From Physics to Metaphysics
, ed. Paul Davies and Niels Henrik Gregersen (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 301–38.

80
. Keith Ward, “God as the Ultimate Informational Principle,” in
Information and the Nature of Reality: From Physics to Metaphysics
, ed. Paul Davies and Niels Henrik Gregersen (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 282–299.

81
. Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver,
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1949).

82
. Paul Young,
The Nature of Information
(New York: Praeger, 1987).

83
. Gregersen, “God, Matter, and Information,” pp. 319–48.

84
. John A. Wheeler, “Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links,” in
Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information
, ed. W. Zurek (Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1990).

85
. Lloyd,
Programming the Universe
, p. 151.

86
. Ibid., chapters 7 and 8.

8. PURPOSE

1
. David Hume and Henry David Aiken,
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
(New York: Hafner, 1972).

2
. Freeman J. Dyson,
A Many-Colored Glass: Reflections on the Place of Life in the Universe
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), p. 76.

3
. Dinesh D'Souza,
Life after Death: The Evidence
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2009), p. 103.

4
. Ibid., p. 104.

5
. Simon Conway Morris,
Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe
(Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

6
. Elliott Sober, “It Had to Happen,”
New York Times
(November 30, 2003).

7
. Simon Conway Morris, “Darwin Was Right. Up to a Point,”
Manchester Guardian
(February 12, 2009), available at
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global/2009/feb/12/simon-conway-morris-darwin
(accessed December 20, 2009).

8
. Jerry A. Coyne,
Why Evolution Is True
(Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 92–94.

9
. Jerry A. Coyne, “Simon Conway Morris Becomes a Creationist,”
Why Evolution Is True
, February 14, 2009,
http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/simon-conway-morris-becomes-a-creationist/
(accessed December 18, 2009).

10
. H. James Birx,
Interpreting Evolution: Darwin & Teilhard de Chardin
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991).

11
. For example, Jean Telemond in
Shoes of the Fisherman
and Father Lankester Merrin in
The Exorcist.

12
. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin,
The Phenomenon of Man
(New York: Harper, 1959).

13
. Ian G. Barbour,
Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues
(San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997), p. 247.

14
. Birx,
Interpreting Evolution
, p. 193–200.