| 5. Ina Coolbrith to Stoddard, 9 November 1874 ( IM 38437, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California).
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| 6. George Wharton James, "Charles Warren Stoddard," National Magazine 34 (August 1911), 659.
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| 7. George R. Stewart, Jr., Bret Harte, Argonaut and Exile (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), pp. 16, 89.
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| 8. Margaret Duckett, Mark Twain and Bret Harte (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), pp. 20-21.
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| 9. Mark Twain's Autobiography, ed. Albert Bigelow Paine (New York: Harper, 1924), 1:140; Richard O'Connor, Ambrose Bierce: A Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), p. 75.
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| 10. Selected Letters of W D. Howells, ed. George Arms et al. (Boston: Twayne, 1979-83), 4:30.
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| 11. Stoddard to W. D. Howells, 30 November 1892, copy in Stoddard's 1904 Notebook (The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley). See also John W. Crowley, "Howells, Stoddard, and Male Homosocial Attachment," in The Mask of Fiction: Essays on W. D. Howells (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989).
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| 12. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, ed. Thomas H. Johnson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), p. 115
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| 13. "Island Heights," section 39, December 1866 (Bancroft Library). Henceforth IH.
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| 14. See Edward Carpenter, Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk: A Study in Social Evolution (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914).
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| 1. Isabella L. Bird, Six Months in the Sandwich Islands (1873; rpt. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1964), pp. 16, 14-15.
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| 2. Ibid., p. 41.
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