Gandhi Before India (94 page)

63.
Speech of 18 May 1908, in
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 242–6.

64.
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 379, 382, 384–6.

65.
These paragraphs are based on a forthcoming pamphlet by E. S. Reddy entitled
Thambi Naidoo and His Family: The Story of Thambi Naidoo, a Lieutenant of Gandhi in the Satyagraha in South Africa, and of his Family which Sacrificed for Five Generations in the Struggle for a Free South Africa.

66.
Report in
IO
, 1 August 1908.

67.
‘No Quarter’,
IO
, 15 August 1908.

68.
Reports in the Johannesburg
Star
of 8, 9, 10 and 20 July 1908, in
Further Correspondence Relating to Legislation Affecting Asiatics
.

69.
Gandhi to Chamney, 4 August 1908, in File No. E 26/8, vol. 215, ‘ND’, NASA (this letter is not in
CWMG
).

70.
Jail form, dated 23 June
1910, ibid.

71.
‘Resolutions Passed by the Hamidia Islamia Society, Johannesburg, 28 July 1908’, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 4, Accession No. 2177, NMML.

72.
Letter in
IO
, 8 August 1908, in
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 432–3.

1.
See press reports in
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 443, 447.

2.
Cf. illustrations in
CWMG
, VIII, opposite pp. 32, 33, 81, etc.

3.
CWMG
, VIII, p. 451.

4.
‘Joh’burg Mass Meeting’,
IO
, 22 August 1908.

5.
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 457–60.

6.
Transvaal Leader
, quoted in
CWMG
, VIII, p. 463

7.
See the report on this meeting of 18 August 1908 in
Further Correspondence Relating to Legislation Affecting Asiatics in the Transvaal (Cd. 4327 – in continuation of Cd. 3892)
(London: HMSO, 1908).

8.
See report in File 3722, L/P&J/6/894, APAC/BL.

9.
Excerpt from
Transvaal Leader
, 22 August 1908, ibid.

10.
Excerpt of debate in Transvaal Parliament, in File 3722, L/P&J/6/894, APAC/BL.

11.
Governor of the Transvaal to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 5 September 1908, in
Further Correspondence Relating to Legislation Affecting Asiatics
.

12.
To invoke, I hope not too anachronistically, the title of a book by the Anglo-American philosopher Alasdair Macintyre.

13.
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 473–7.

14.
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 481: IX, pp. 3, 8, 13, 29, etc.

15.
CWMG
, IX, p. 4; Bhawani Dayal,
Dakshin Africa ké Satyagraha ka Itihas
(Indore: Saraswati Sadan, 1916), p. 24.

16.
Interview in the
Star
, 9 September 1908,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 30–31.

17.
Extract from
Transvaal Weekly Illustrated
, 12 September 1908, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 4, Accession No. 2177, NMML.

18.
Doke to Gandhi, 11 September 1908, S. N. 4874, NGM (emphases in original).

19.
CWMG
, VIII, pp. 16, 41.

20.
On Gandhi’s ideas for the Phoenix school, see
CWMG
, VIII, p. 85; IX, pp. 135–9.

21.
Interview in
Natal Mercury
, in
CWMG
, IX, pp. 77–9.

22.
Doke to Gandhi, 30 September 1908,
CWMG
, IX, Appendix VI, pp. 556–7.

23.
Message dated 13 October 1908,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 96–7.

24.
See Deputy Governor of the Transvaal to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 30 September 1908, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm),
Reel 4, Accession No. 2177, NMML; ‘Volksrust Again: Mr Gandhi Sentenced’,
IO
, 17 October 1908.

25.
See reports in
IO
, 24 October and 21 November 1908. British friends of Gandhi also rallied to his defence. Three days after his arrest, the Rev. F. B. Meyer sent a stirring letter to the
Daily News
(quoted in
IO
, 21 November 1908). Meyer wrote that he could:

hardly believe the evidence of my senses, when I read the announcement that my friend, Mr Gandhi, has been sentenced to two months’ hard labout and to breaking stones and doing scavenger work. But I wish I were in Johannesburg that I might help him! I would count it an honour to suffer with this pure and holy soul, whom I hope to introduce to my choicest friends when he comes to this country. He is not a Christian in one sense of the word, but the face of Christ hangs over his desk, and we have talked together for hours of the deepest themes that can engage the human heart. He contends only for what he holds to be the rights of the Indians who have been settled in Johannesburg, many of them from before the war. His contention is retrospective for those who have entered the Transvaal and been its subjects and citizens for years.

Even if he contravened the law there was no need to expose him to degrading labour. Yet what can degrade a pure soul? Christ made the Cross the honoured symbol of Christendom. Truth is still on the scaffold, while prejudice, fear, and selfish interests are on the throne, but there is One that keepeth watch.’

26.
‘The Mass Meeting’,
IO
, 24 October 1908.

27.
Quoted in
IO
, 24 October 1908.

28.
See Doke to Albert Cartwright, 26 October 1908, in J. J. Doke Papers.

29.
Cf. M. K. Gandhi, ‘My Second Experience in Gaol’, five-part series in
IO
,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 120–22, 140–42, 145–9, 161–6, 179–80. Quotes not sourced in the rest of this section are based on this series. A
maund
is an Indian unit of weight, roughly equivalent to 37 kilos.

30.
As recalled in H. S. L. Polak, ‘M. K. Gandhi: A Sketch’, in
Speeches and Writings of M. K. Gandhi, with an Introduction by Mr C. F. Andrews, a Tribute by Mr G. A. Natesan, and a Biographical Sketch by Mr H. S. L. Polak
(Madras: G. A. Natesan and Co., 1918), pp. i–iii.

31.
CWMG
, IX, Appendix VIII, pp. 560–61.

32.
Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor of Transvaal, 29 October 1908; Deputy Governor of Transvaal to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 3 November 1908; both in
Further Correspondence Relating to Legislation Affecting Asiatics in the Transvaal (Cd. 4584 – in continuation of Cd. 4327)
(London: HMSO, 1909).

33.
Gandhi to West, 9 September 1908,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 105–6.

34.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 108–9, 111, 115.

35.
‘Mr Gandhi’s Arrival’,
IO
, 26 December 1908.

36.
Report in
Transvaal Leader
, 30 November 1908.

37.
AC
, 4 July, 11 July, 25 July, 15 August and 17 October 1908, 18 December 1909.

38.
Quoted in John Marlowe,
Milner: Apostle of Empire
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976), p. 146.

39.
See Sir Edgar Walton,
The Inner History of the National Convention of South Africa
(1912; reprint, Westport, Connecticut: Negro Universities Press, 1970), pp. 117ff; L. M. Thompson,
The Unification of South Africa, 1902–1910
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), pp. 212–26.

40.
Selbourne’s scheme is reproduced in Arthur Percival Newton, ed.,
Select Documents Relating to the Unification of South Africa
(1924; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1968), vol. II, pp. 250–51.

41.
Schreiner to Smuts, 2 August 1908, in W. K. Hancock and Jean van der Poel, eds,
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, II:
June 1902
–
May 1910
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), vol. II, p. 450 (emphasis in original).

42.
See Thompson,
Unification of South Africa
, pp. 341, 35, 404, etc.

43.
The standard life is Ruth First and Ann Smith,
Olive Schreiner
(New York: Schocken Books, 1980).

44.
‘Olive Schreiner on Colour’,
IO
, 2 January 1909.

45.
Editorial in
IO
, 2 January 1909.

46.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 112–13.

47.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 130, 159–60, 180, 184, 187, 193–4.

48.
Gandhi to Olive Doke, dated ‘Tuesday’ (almost certainly 5 January 1909), in Doke Papers (this letter is not in
CWMG
).

49.
Devadas Gandhi, ‘My Brother Harilal’,
Hindustan Times
, 23 July 1948.

50.
Gandhi to Chanchalbehn Gandhi, letters of 16 and 28 January 1909; Gandhi to Harilal, 27 January 1909,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 150, 173–5.

51.
The Times
, 6 January 1909.

52.
See Pyarelal,
Mahatma Gandhi
, III:
The Birth of Satyagraha – From Petitioning to Passive Resistance
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1986), pp. 182–3.

53.
Curzon to Gandhi, 26 January 1909, S. N. 4915, SAAA.

54.
CWMG
, IX, p. 175.

55.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part IV, Chapter XXVIII.

56.
Gandhi to Kallenbach, 5 February 1909, in Gillian Berning, ed.,
Gandhi Letters: From Upper House to Lower House, 1906–1914
(Durban: Local History Museum, 1994), pp. 12–13. (This letter is not in
CWMG
.) Millie Polak, who was at Phoenix at the time, was both surprised and impressed by how well Kasturba responded to her husband’s unorthodox treatment. For pernicious anaemia was then ‘still looked upon as one of the fatal diseases, and very few cases indeed of recovery were on record’. And certainly no previous case had been successfully ‘treated by lemon-juice, aided by what we to-day call mental healing. It was a great puzzle to the few medical men who
knew or heard of it.’ (
Mr Gandhi the Man
, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931, pp. 132–3.)

57.
Curzon to Honorary Secretary, British Indian Association, Johannesburg (i. e., Gandhi), 2 February 1909, S. N. 4920, SAAA.

58.
Sunday Times
(Johannesburg) quoted in
IO
, 13 February 1909.

59.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 197–9.

60.
Gandhi to Chanchalbehn Gandhi, 26 February 1909,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 200–201.

61.
Gandhi wrote about his third jail term in two articles, and in a letter to the press issued afterwards: see
CWMG
, IX, pp. 221–4, 228–34, 238–43.

62.
Gandhi to West, 4 March 1909,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 202–3.

63.
H. S. L. Polak to David Pollock, dated Johannesburg, 27 March 1909, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 4, Accession No. 2177, NMML. Polak says here that Gandhi had refused the Chief Justiceship of Porbandar – there is no independent confirmation of when and how that happened. The only evidence that may tangentially bear on this claim is an entry in Gandhi’s office logbook for the 1890s, noting the receipt of a letter from the Chief Judge of Porbandar (see S. N. 2711, SAAA).

64.
David Pollock to Lord Selborne, 29 March 1909; D. C. Malcolm, Government House, Pretoria, to David Pollock, 31 March 1909, both in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 4, Accession No. 2177, NMML.

65.
Minute dated 28 April 1909, ibid.

66.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 238–9. Unfortunately, we do not know the titles or authors of the books given to Gandhi by Smuts.

67.
J. C. Smuts,
Jan Christian Smuts
(London: Cassell and Company, 1952), p. 107.

68.
Speech of 24 March 1909, in
Fourth Session of the Twenty-Eighth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
, I;
16 February 1909 to
26
May 1909
(London: HMSO, 1909).

69.
W. K. Hancock:
Smuts
, I:
The Sanguine Years, 1870–1919
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 44.

70.
Wolstenholme to Smuts, 14 May 1909, in Hancock and van der Poel,
Smuts Paper
s, vol. II, pp. 568–73.

71.
These poems are available in Gujarati and in English translations in Surendra Bhana and Neelima Shukla-Bhatt,
A Fire that Blazed in the Ocean: Gandhi and the Poems of Satyagraha in South Africa, 1909–1911
(New Delhi: Promilla and Co., 2011), pp. 18–19, 26, 71–3, 87–8, 112–13, etc.

72.
Letter dated 28 December 1908,
CWMG
, IX, p. 118.

73.
AC
, 17 July 1909. On Shankeranand, see also Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed,
Inside Indenture: A South African Story, 1860
–
1914
(Durban: Madiba Publishers, 2007), pp. 240–48.

74.
Gandhi to Manilal, 25 March 1909,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 205–9.

75.
Gandhi to Polak, 26 April 1909,
CWMG
, IX, pp. 205–9, 212–13.

76.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part IV,
Chapter XII
.

77.
George Paxton,
Gandhi’s South African Secretary: Sonja Schlesin
(Glasgow: Pax Books, 2006), pp. 14–15, 100–101.

78.
See
IO
, 29 May 1909.

79.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 215–19.

80.
CWMG
, IX, pp. 243–4.

81.
Cf. S. N. 4938, SAAA.

82.
Clipping,
c.
June 1909, from
Springfield Daily Republican
, S. N. 5022, SAAA. It is appropriate (cf.
Chapter 5
above) that
The Nation
ran what seems to have been the first article on Gandhi in the American press; and that another newspaper active in the movement against slavery, the
Springfield Daily Republican
, carried what most likely was the first account of Gandhian satyagraha to appear in America.