From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 (3 page)

47

Caesar dictator II (
in absentia
); Antony, his Master of Horse, tries to maintain order in Italy. Caesar defeats Pharnaces at Zela, settles the East and returns to Italy; quells a mutiny in Campania. He passes legislation on debt and sails against the Pompeian forces in Africa

46

Caesar defeats Pompeians at Thapsus; organizes Africa Nova. Suicide of Cato. Caesar, dictator II and consul III, returns to Rome and holds triumph. Legislation. Reform of calendar. Caesar leaves for Spain (Nov.)

45

Caesar, dictator III and consul IV, defeats Pompeians at Munda (March). Returns to Rome and receives exceptional honours

44

Caesar dictator IV (for life) and consul V. Refuses crown at Lupercalia. Conspiracy and murder of Caesar (15 March). Octavian returns from Greece. Antony receives command in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul. Cicero’s first
Philippic
against Antony

43

Antony’s siege of Mutina raised. Deaths of consuls Hirtius and Pansa. D. Brutus killed in Gaul. Octavian declared consul (Aug.). Triumvirate of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus (Nov.). Proscriptions: death of Cicero. M. Brutus in Macedonia, Cassius in Syria

42

Julius Caesar deified as Divus. Sextus Pompeius controls Sicily. Brutus and Cassius, defeated at Philippi, commit suicide (Oct.). Birth of emperor Tiberius

41

Perusine War in Italy. Antony in Asia Minor; meets Cleopatra and visits Alexandria

40

L. Antonius surrenders Perusia to Octavian. Agreement at Brundisium partitions the Roman world (Oct.). Antony marries Octavia. Parthians invade Syria. Herod recognized as king of Judaea by Senate. Virgil’s
Fourth Eclogue

39

Agreement at Misenum between Antony, Octavian and Sextus Pompeius. Ventidius defeats Parthians at Mt. Amanus

38

Octavian marries Livia (Jan.). Naval successes of Sextus Pompeius. Victory of Ventidius at Gindarus; Antony captures Samosata

37

Pact of Tarentum; triumvirate probably renewed. Herod and Sosius capture Jerusalem. Antony marries Cleopatra at Antioch. Amyntas made king of Galatia, and Polemo of Pontus; Archelaus succeeds in Cappadocia

36

Tribunician sacrosanctity granted to Octavian. Offensive against Sextus Pompeius who is defeated off Naulochus in Sicily. Lepidus ceases to be a triumvir. Antony fails to capture Phraaspa and retires through Armenia

35

Octavian campaigns in Illyria. Death of Sextus Pompeius

34

Octavian in Illyria. Antony invades Armenia; celebrates a triumph at Alexandria. The ‘Donations of Alexandria’

33

Octavian consul II. Antony in Armenia; winters (33–32) with Cleopatra at Ephesus

32

Octavian justifies his acts to the Senate. Antony divorces Octavia. Octavian publishes Antony’s will in Rome. Antony and Cleopatra winter (32–31) in Greece

31

Octavian consul III (and each year until 23); defeats Antony at Actium (Sept.) and winters in Asia

30

Tribunician power offered to Octavian but probably declined. Suicide of Antony. Octavian enters Alexandria. Suicide of Cleopatra

30–28

M. Crassus campaigns in Balkans. Cornelius Gallus in Egypt

29

Octavian’s triple triumph. Dedication of temple of Divus Iulius

28

Octavian and Agrippa hold census:
lectio Senatus
. Temple of Apollo on Palatine dedicated. Mausoleum of Augustus begun. Messalla campaigns in Spain

27

Constitutional settlement. Octavian receives name of Augustus and
imperium
for ten years (Jan.). Triumph of Crassus. Augustus in Gaul and Spain until 25. The first Pantheon built by Agrippa

26

Disgrace and suicide of Cornelius Gallus. Arabian expedition of Aelius Gallus launched

25

Marriage of Julia and Marcellus. Varro defeats the Salassi. Tarraconensis organized as a province. Annexation of Galatia on death of Amyntas. Gallus in Arabia Felix. Success of C. Petronius in Ethiopian War (25–23)

23

Augustus ill. Conspiracy of Caepio and Murena. Constitutional resettlement. Augustus resigns consulship and receives
proconsulare imperium maius
and full tribunician powers. Death of Marcellus. Agrippa sent to East. Publication of first three books of Horace’s
Odes

22

Augustus refuses dictatorship, and consulship for life, but accepts the
cura annonae
. Augustus in Greece and Asia for three years

21

Agrippa marries Julia

20

Parthia returns Roman standards. Tiberius enters Armenia and crowns Tigranes

19

Augustus returns to Rome. Arch of Augustus in Rome. Agrippa pacifies Spain. Cornelius Balbus campaigns against the Garamantes. Deaths of Virgil and Tibullus

18

Augustus’
imperium
renewed for five years. Agrippa co-regent with
imperium maius
and
tribunicia potestas. Leges Iuliae. Lectio Senatus

17

Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius, his grandsons. Ludi Saeculares celebrated; Horace’s
Carmen Saeculare

16–13

Augustus in Gaul

16

Agrippa in East. Noricum incorporated

15

Tiberius and Drusus defeat Raeti and Vindelici and reach Danube

14

Agrippa assigns Bosporan kingdom to Polemo

13

Return of Augustus; renewal of his
imperium
for five years. Tiberius consul. Return of Agrippa. Death of Lepidus. Dedication of theatre of Marcellus. Vinicius campaigns in Pannonia

12

Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus. Death of Agrippa. Tiberius in Pannonia. Drusus dedicates altar near Lugdunum and campaigns in Germany until 9

11

Tiberius divorces Agrippina and marries Agrippa’s widow, Julia

9

Death of Drusus near the Elbe. Dedication of Ara Pacis in Rome

8

Augustus’
imperium
extended for ten years. Census. Deaths of Horace and Maecenas. Tiberius in Germany

7

Rome divided into fourteen
regiones

6

Tiberius given
tribunicia potestas
for five years. He retires to Rhodes. Paphlagonia added to Galatia

5

Augustus’ twelfth consulship. C. Caesar introduced to public life

4

Death of Herod the Great

2

Augustus consul for thirteenth time; becomes Pater Patriae. Exile of Julia. Dedication of temple of Mars Ultor

1

C. Caesar in Syria

2

Tiberius returns to Rome from Rhodes. Death of L. Caesar. C. Caesar settles Armenia

3

Augustus’
imperium
renewed for ten years

4

Death of C. Caesar in Lycia. Augustus adopts Tiberius who receives
tribunicia potestas
for ten years. Tiberius adopts Germanicus and goes to the German front.
Lex Aelia Sentia

5

Tiberius advances to the Elbe

6

Aerarium militare
and office of Praefectus Vigilum created. Revolt in Pannonia and Illyricum. Maroboduus recognized as king of the Marcomanni. Judaea made a province; assessment made by Sulpicius Quirinius, legate of Syria

8

Claudius becomes an augur. Ovid banished. Pannonians surrender

9

Lex Papia Poppaea
. Revolt in Dalmatia crushed. Defeat of Varus by Arminius in Germany with loss of three legions

12

Triumph of Tiberius

13

Augustus’
imperium
renewed for ten years. Tiberius receives
tribunicia potestas
for ten years and proconsular
imperium
co-ordinate with that of Augustus

14

Lustrum held. Death of Augustus (19 Aug.). Accession of Tiberius. Sejanus made a Praetorian Prefect. Legions in Pannonia and Germany

revolt. Drusus sent to crush mutiny in Pannonia. Germanicus crosses the Rhine against the Marsi

15

Germanicus attacks the Chatti. Achaea and Macedonia transferred from the Senate to the
princeps
and attached to Moesia

16

Libo Drusus accused; suicide. Germanicus again invades Germany; he is recalled

17

Triumph of Germanicus. Cn. Piso legate of Syria. Earthquake in Asia Minor. Cappadocia and Commagene organized as imperial provinces. Revolt of Tacfarinas in Africa. Death of Livy

18

Tiberius, consul III, with Germanicus. Germanicus in East. Armenia granted to Artaxias. Germanicus goes to Egypt

19

Jews expelled from Rome. Arminius killed. Piso leaves Syria. Death of Germanicus at Antioch

20

Trial and suicide of Piso

21

Tiberius, consul IV, with his son Drusus. Tiberius retires for a time to Campania. Revolt of Florus and Sacrovir in Gaul. Trouble in Thrace

21–22

Castra Praetoria built in Rome

22

Drusus granted tribunician power

23

Death of Drusus

24

Defeat and death of Tacfarinas in Africa

25

Cremutius Cordus accused; suicide

26

Trouble checked in Thrace. Pontius Pilate appointed prefect of Judaea

27

Tiberius withdraws to Capreae

28

Revolt of the Frisii

29

Death of Livia. Banishment of Agrippina the elder

30

Publication of the
History
of Velleius Paterculus

31

Tiberius, consul V, with Sejanus. Gaius receives
toga virilis
. Sejanus put to death. Macro appointed Praetorian Prefect

33

Death of Agrippina on island of Pandateria. Gaius quaestor. Financial difficulties in Rome. Possible date of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ

34

Tetrachy of Philip incorporated into Syria

36

Pontius Pilate sent to Rome by L. Vitellius, governor of Syria

37

Death of Tiberius (16 March). Accession of Gaius (Caligula); he is consul with Claudius. Commagene reestablished as a client kingdom

38

Death and deification of Drusilla. Jewish disturbances in Alexandria. Polemo II receives Pontus and Cotys Armenia Minor

39

Gaius goes to the Rhine. Julia and Agrippina exiled

40

Gaius’ expedition to the Channel; returns to Rome. Ptolemy of Mauretania murdered in Rome; revolt in Mauretania. Jewish embassy from Alexandria to Rome. Agrippa I receives kingdom of Antipas. Judaea restless

41

Gaius murdered (24 Jan.). Claudius made emperor. The Chauci

defeated. Claudius settles Alexandrian trouble. Agrippa I receives Judaea and Samaria. Exile of Seneca to Corsica

42

Revolt of Scribonianus in Dalmatia; his suicide. Mauretania organized as two provinces

43

Expedition to Britain. Lycia made an imperial province

44

Claudius’ triumph over Britain. Achaea and Macedonia transferred to Senate. Death of Agrippa I; Judaea reverts to provincial status

46

Thrace made a province

47

Triumph of Aulus Plautius for conquest of Britain. Claudius and L. Vitellius censors.
Ludi Saeculares
. Corbulo campaigns against the Frisii. Ostorius Scapula in Britain

48

Messalina killed. Claudius marries Agrippina

49

Seneca recalled from Corsica and made praetor and Nero’s tutor

50

Claudius adopts Nero as guardian for Britannicus. Agrippa II rules in Chalcis

51

Burrus made Praetorian Prefect. Vespasian consul. Caratacus defeated in Wales. Vologeses king of Parthia (or in 52). Gallio proconsul in Achaea (51–52)

53

Nero marries Octavia. Parthians occupy Armenia and Tiridates recovers the throne

54

Death of Claudius. Accession of Nero. Claudius deified

55

Britannicus poisoned. Pallas dismissed. Corbulo goes to the East

56

Praefecti aerarii
replace
quaestores aerarii

57

Nero orders senators and knights to take part in Games

58

Nero refuses perpetual consulship. Corbulo captures Artaxata

59

Nero murders Agrippina; establishes Greek Games. Corbulo takes Tigranocerta

60

Neronia established. Corbulo settles Armenia; governor of Syria. Festus succeeds Felix as governor of Judaea

61

Revolt of Boudicca and Iceni in Britain

62

Death of Burrus. Tigellinus made Praetorian Prefect. Seneca disgraced. Nero divorces Octavia and marries Poppaea. Octavia murdered. Paetus surrenders to the Parthians at Rhandeia

64

Great fire at Rome. Persecution of the Christians. Domus Aurea begun. Mission to Ethiopia. Cottian Alps made a province (64–65); Pontus incorporated into Galatia

65

Conspiracy of Piso. Suicides of Seneca and Lucan. Death of Poppaea. Musonius Rufus exiled

66

Nero crowns Tiridates king of Armenia in Rome and goes to Greece. Thrasea Paetus condemned. Conspiracy of Vinicius at Beneventum. Nero marries Statilia Messalina. Temple of Janus closed. Suicide of Petronius. Rebellion in Palestine