Forgotten Wars (109 page)

168.
Firdaus Haji Abdullah,
Radical Malay politics: its origins and early development
(Petaling Jaya, 1985), pp. 24–6.

169.
‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA.

170.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, p. 262.

171.
A document, purporting to be from the Malayan Communist Party, Johore–Malacca Border Committee,
Death of a heretic
(Singapore, 1951).

172.
‘Yap Sang, 14 October 1949’, B. P. Walker Taylor Papers, RHO.

173.
Federal War Council Joint Intelligence Advisory Committee, ‘The potential of the Malayan Communist Party’, 24 October 1950, FO371/84482, TNA.

1.
Mustapha Hussain,
Malay nationalism before Umno: the memoirs of Mustapha Hussain, translated by Insun Mustapha and edited by Jomo K. S.
(Kuala Lumpur, 2005), p. 313.

2.
From
Utusan Melayu
, 23 August 1947, translated and quoted in Ariffin Omar,
Bangsa Melayu: Malay concepts of democracy and community, 1945–50
(Kuala Lumpur, 1993), p. 116.

3.
‘The United Kingdom in South-East Asia and the Far East’, October 1949, and cabinet conclusions on ‘South-East Asia and the Far East’, in A. J. Stockwell, ed.,
British documents on the end of empire: Malaya, part II
(London, 1995), pp. 158–70, 173.

4.
Rajeswary Ampalavanar,
The Indian minority and political change in Malaya, 1945–1955
(Kuala Lumpur, 1981), p. 27.

5.
George C. Thomson, ‘Political Assessment of the visit of Pandit Nehru to Singapore’, 29 June 1950, FO371/101233, TNA.

6.
Anthony Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats: the communist insurrection in Malaya
(Singapore, 2000 [1975]), pp. 507–8.

7.
Michael Calvert,
Fighting mad
(Shrewsbury, 1996), pp. 202–5.

8.
David Rooney,
Mad Mike: a life of Michael Calvert
(London, 1997), pp. 134–45.

9.
Tony Geraghty,
Who dares wins: the story of SAS, 1952–92
, 3rd edn (London, 1992), pp. 327–55.

10.
The Times
, 13 August 1953; Raffi Gregorian,
The British army, the Gurkhas and Cold War strategy in the Far East, 1947–1954
(Basingstoke, 2002), p. 175.

11.
Timothy Parsons,
The African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles, 1902–1964
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 39, 93, 109, 166, 199, 212. Malcolm Page,
A history of The King’s African Rifles and East African Forces
(London, 1998), pp. 190–95.

12.
Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, pp. 304–5. For the absence of planning see Chin Peng,
My side of history
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 287–9.

13.
The Times
, 6 December 1951.

14.
A great deal has been written about these reappraisals. For Lyttelton’s report see, ‘Malaya’: Cabinet memorandum by Mr Lyttelton, 21 December 1951, in Stockwell,
British documents: Malaya, part II
, pp. 319–533. Also, Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, pp. 322–44; Richard Stubbs,
Hearts and minds in guerrilla warfare: the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
(Singapore, 1989), pp. 136–40.

15.
John Cloake,
Templer: tiger of Malaya
(London, 1985).

16.
Victor Purcell,
Malaya: communist or free?
(Stanford, 1955), p. 16.

17.
R. W. I. Bland to Heussler, 21 August 1969, Heussler Papers, RHO.

18.
For ongoing controversy, see Karl Hack, ‘“Iron claws on Malaya”: the historiography of the Malayan Emergency’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, 30, 1 (1999), pp. 99–125, who also argues for an early change of direction, and Kumar Ramakrishna, who restates the pivotal importance of Templer in ‘“Transmogrifying Malaya”: the impact of Sir Gerald Templer (1952–54)’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, 32, 1 (2001), pp. 79–92.

19.
Robert Heussler,
British rule in Malaya, 1942–57
(Singapore, 1985), p. 186.

20.
For the coercive side of the population control from a counter-insurgency perspective, see also Hack, ‘“Iron claws on Malaya”’, pp. 115–23.

21.
Johore Council of State, 4 October 1950, Sel. Sec/151/149, ANM.

22.
We are grateful to Simon Winder for suggesting this image.

23.
D. W. Le Mare, ‘Community development’, INF/18677/533, ANM.

24.
Sir Robert Thompson,
Defeating communist insurgency: experiences from Malaya and Vietnam
(London, 1966).

25.
Han Suyin,
My house has two doors
(London, 1980), p. 79.

26.
Federation of Malaya,
Report on the conduct of food searches at Semenyih in the Kajang District of the State of Selangor
(Kuala Lumpur, 1956).

27.
For this see Frank Furedi, ‘Britain’s colonial wars: playing the ethnic card’,
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics
, 28, 1 (1990), pp. 70–89.

28.
Ministry of Defence ‘Malaya: defence costs’, 13 November 1951, CO1022/34, TNA. This was first brought to light by Richard Stubbs,
Counter-insurgency and the economic factor: the impact of the Korean War prices boom on the Malayan Emergency
(ISEAS Occasional paper no. 19, Singapore, 1974).

29.
Nicholas J. White,
Business, government and the end of empire: Malaya, 1945–1957
(Kuala Lumpur, 1996), pp. 51–3.

30.
For an extended discussion of the ‘domestication’ of the Malayan Chinese, see T. N. Harper,
The end of empire and the making of Malaya
(Cambridge, 1999), chs. 5 and 6.

31.
Roy Follows,
Jungle-beat: fighting terrorists in Malaya, 1952–61
(London, 2000), p. 97.

32.
W. Johnson (ed.),
The papers of Adlai E. Stevenson
, vol. V:
Visit to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, March–August 1953
(Boston, 1974), pp. 148–9.

33.
Abdul Aziz Ishak,
The architect of Merdeka: Tengku Abdul Rahman
(Singapore, 1957).

34.
Quoted in Harper,
The end of empire
, p. 322.

35.
Khatijah Sidek,
Memoirs of Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesateria Bangsa
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001 [1960]), pp. 118, 124–5.

36.
Miss P. G. Lim, ‘Radio broadcast on behalf of the Labour Party of Malaya’, 1 July, 1955, CO1030/313, TNA.

37.
Francis G. Carnell, ‘The Malayan elections’,
Pacific Affairs
, 28, 4 (1955), pp. 315–30.

38.
Sir Robert Scott to Anthony Eden, 23 October 1955, CO1030/245, TNA.

39.
The Times
, 3 October 1951.

40.
‘HH the Sultan of Johore’s speech’, in MacGillivray to Lennox-Boyd, 19 September 1955, CO1030/374, TNA.

41.
Chan Heng Chee,
A sensation of independence: a political biography of David Marshall
(Singapore, 1984), pp. 93–4.

42.
Said Zahari,
Dark clouds at dawn
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001), p. 285.

43.
Ibid., p. 282.

44.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 387–95.

45.
Cited in Gustaaf Houtman,
Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics
(Tokyo, 2001), p. 267.

46.
Peking to Rangoon, 4 July 1952, FO4371/101276, TNA.

47.
C. W. Dunn to J. S. Furnivall, 30 August 1950, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

48.
‘A voice above the battle’, interview with Nehru,
Picture Post
, 49, 4 October 1950, pp. 13–15.

49.
S. Gopal (ed.),
Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, Second Series (Delhi, 1984), vol. XIV, Part I, p. 501, n. 4.

50.
J. S. Furnivall to C. W. Dunn, 17 June 1950, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

51.
Mary Callahan,
Making enemies: war and state building in Burma
(Ithaca, 2004), pp. 137–44.

52.
H. Bruce Franklin, ‘By the bomb’s early light; or the Quiet American’s war on terror’:
http://rutgers.edu/~hbf/Quietam.htm
.

53.
Cloake,
Templer
, p. 297; Norman Cleaveland,
Bang! Bang! in Ampang
(San Pedro, CA, 1973), pp. 140–42.

54.
John A Nagi,
Learning to eat soup with a knife: counterinsurgency lessons from Malaya and Vietnam
, new edn (New York, 2005).

55.
Norman Sherry,
Life of Graham Greene, 1939–1955
(London, 1994).

56.
New Times of Burma
, 5 January 1955.

57.
The Nation
, 7 August 1945.

58.
The Nation
, 21 July 1955.

59.
Norman Lewis,
The golden earth: travels in Burma
(London, 1952), p. 139.

60.
Ibid., p. 90.

61.
Khin Myo Chit, Memoir, Mss Eur D1066/1, OIOC, fos. 138 ff.

62.
New Times of Burma
, 18 March 1955.

63.
P. Lim Pui Huen and Diana Wong (eds.),
War and memory in Malaysia and Singapore
(Singapore, 2000); William H. Frederick, ‘Reflections in a moving stream: Indonesia memories of the war and the Japanese’, in Remco Raben (ed.),
Representing the Japanese occupation of Indonesia: personal testimonies and public image in Indonesia, Japan and the Netherlands
(Amsterdam, 1999), pp. 16–35.

64.
J. C. Sterndale Bennett to Sir Esler Dening, Tokyo, 12 April 1952, FO371/101233, TNA.

65.
Junko Tomaru,
The postwar rapprochement of Malaya and Japan, 1945–61: the roles of Britain and Japan in South-east Asia
(London, 2000).

66.
Shoko Tanaka,
Post-war Japanese resource policies and strategies: the case of Southeast Asia
(Ithaca, 1986), ch. 3.

67.
Masashi Nishihara,
The Japanese and Sukarno’s Indonesia: Tokyo–Jakarta relations, 1951–1966
(Kyoto, 1976), pp. 211–12; Hikita Yasuyuki, ‘Japanese companies’ inroads into Indonesia under Japanese military administration’, in Peter Post and Elly Touwen-Bouwsma (eds.),
Japan, Indonesia and the war: myths and realities
(Leiden, 1997), p. 152.

68.
James Puthucheary,
Ownership and control in the Malayan economy
(Singapore, 1960); Nicholas White, ‘The beginnings of crony capitalism: business, politics and economic development in Malaysia, c. 1955–70’,
Modern Asian Studies
, 28, 2 (2004), pp. 389–417.

69.
See T. N. Harper, ‘Lim Chin Siong and “the Singapore Story”’, in Jomo K. S. and Tan Jing Quee (eds.),
Comet in our sky: Lim Chin Siong in history
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001), pp. 1–56.

70.
Ahmad Boestamam (trans. William R. Roff),
Carving the path to the summit
(Athens, OH, 1979), p. 3.

71.
http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/5/10/nation/14195479&sec=nation
; also Amir Muhammad’s lastcommunist.blogspot.com. However, fresh memoirs by MCP leaders such as Rashid Maidin, Abdullah C. D. and Suraini Abdullah (Eng Ming Chin) were beginning to appear in Malaysia as this book was completed.

Oral History Department, interviews, OHD:

Ang Keong Lan