Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership (141 page)
Authors: Conrad Black
BOOK: Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America From Colonial Dependence to World Leadership
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129
James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom
, New York, Harcourt, 1970, p. 459.
Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom
, New York, Harcourt, 1970, p. 459.
130
David McCullough,
Truman
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p. 412.
Truman
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p. 412.
131
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 419.
op. cit
., p. 419.
132
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 427.
op. cit
., p. 427.
133
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 432.
op. cit
., p. 432.
134
Ibid. p. 445.
135
Ibid. p. 443.
136
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 452.
op. cit
., p. 452.
137
In the course of the war, the U.S. provided the USSR with 385,833 trucks, 51,503 jeeps, 7,056 tanks, 5,071 tractors, 1,981 locomotives, 11,158 freight cars, 14,834 airplanes, 2,670,000 tons of petroleum products, and each Soviet soldier more than “one-half pound of fairly concentrated food per day.” Vincent J. Esposito, editor,
West Point Atlas of American Wars
, New York, Praeger, 1959, vol. 2, text accompanying map 41.
West Point Atlas of American Wars
, New York, Praeger, 1959, vol. 2, text accompanying map 41.
138
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 642.
op. cit
., p. 642.
139
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 742.
op. cit
., p. 742.
140
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 744.
op. cit
., p. 744.
141
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 779.
op. cit
., p. 779.
142
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 779.
op. cit
., p. 779.
143
Ibid. p. 781.
144
McCullough,
op. cit
., pp. 788–789.
op. cit
., pp. 788–789.
145
Ibid. p. 793.
146
McCullough,
op. cit
., p. 834.
op. cit
., p. 834.
147
Ibid. p. 835.
148
Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 171.
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 171.
149
Speech by Senator Joseph McCarthy, June 14, 1951, in
The Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 82nd Congress, First Session
, vol. 97, part 5.
The Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 82nd Congress, First Session
, vol. 97, part 5.
150
Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 183.
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 183.
151
Black,
op. cit
., p. 184.
op. cit
., p. 184.
152
Ibid. p. 202.
153
Black,
op. cit
., pp. 265–266.
op. cit
., pp. 265–266.
154
Conrad Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, pp. 312, 1129.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, pp. 312, 1129.
155
Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: The President
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984, p. 175.
Eisenhower: The President
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984, p. 175.
156
William B. Ewald Jr.,
Eisenhower the President: Crucial Days: 1951–1960
, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1981, p. 119.
Eisenhower the President: Crucial Days: 1951–1960
, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1981, p. 119.
157
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 183.
op. cit
., p. 183.
158
January 14, 1943, author’s personal collection.
159
Claude Mauriac,
The Other de Gaulle
, London, Angus and Robertson, 1973, p. 356.
The Other de Gaulle
, London, Angus and Robertson, 1973, p. 356.
160
Black,
op. cit.
, pp. 298, 302.
op. cit.
, pp. 298, 302.
161
Black,
op. cit.
, p. 308.
op. cit.
, p. 308.
162
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 202.
op. cit
., p. 202.
163
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 214.
op. cit
., p. 214.
164
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 230.
op. cit
., p. 230.
165
Ibid. p. 230.
166
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 282.
op. cit
., p. 282.
167
Blanche Wiesen Cook,
The Declassified Eisenhower
, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1981, p. 77.
The Declassified Eisenhower
, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1981, p. 77.
168
Ambrose,
op. cit.
, p. 317.
op. cit.
, p. 317.
169
Ibid. p. 321.
170
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 317.
op. cit
., p. 317.
171
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 332.
op. cit
., p. 332.
172
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 339.
op. cit
., p. 339.
173
Ibid. p. 351.
174
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 357.
op. cit
., p. 357.
175
Mollet had replaced Faure a few months before; such was the revolving door of the Fourth Republic—four premiers in less than three years.
176
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 359.
op. cit
., p. 359.
177
Ibid. p. 360.
178
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 30.
op. cit
., p. 30.
179
Ambrose,
op. cit
., p. 369.
op. cit
., p. 369.
180
James C. Duram,
A Moderate Among Extremists: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the School Desegregation Crisis,
Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1981, pp. 159–160.
A Moderate Among Extremists: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the School Desegregation Crisis,
Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1981, pp. 159–160.
181
Stephen E. Ambrose,
Eisenhower: The President,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 1984, p. 471.
Eisenhower: The President,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 1984, p. 471.
182
Ambrose,
op. cit.,
p. 485.
op. cit.,
p. 485.
183
Ambrose,
op. cit.,
p. 496.
op. cit.,
p. 496.
184
Ambrose,
op. cit.,
p. 511.
op. cit.,
p. 511.
185
Ibid. p. 533.
186
David Eisenhower and Julie Nixon Eisenhower,
Going Home to Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961–1969,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 2010, p. 86.
Going Home to Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961–1969,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 2010, p. 86.
187
Ambrose,
op. cit.,
p. 565.
op. cit.,
p. 565.
188
Charles de Gaulle,
Memoirs of Hope, 1958–1962,
London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1972, p. 244.
Memoirs of Hope, 1958–1962,
London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1972, p. 244.
189
David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest
New York, Random House, 1972, p. 53.
The Best and the Brightest
New York, Random House, 1972, p. 53.
190
Ambrose,
op. cit.,
p. 614.
op. cit.,
p. 614.
191
Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 570.
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 570.
192
Black,
op. cit.,
p. 438.
op. cit.,
p. 438.
193
U Thant was elected to succeed Hammarskjöld, who died in an air crash in the Congo in 1961, while secretary-general of the United Nations.
194
Richard Reeves,
President Kennedy: Profile of Power,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993, p. 444.
President Kennedy: Profile of Power,
New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993, p. 444.
195
Reeves,
op. cit.,
p. 537.
op. cit.,
p. 537.
196
A much-quoted comment; Mrs. Lyndon Johnson confirmed to the author that her husband occasionally expressed such sentiments.
197
Conrad Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 1060.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2003, p. 1060.
198
Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 518.
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 518.
199
Anna Chennault was romantically involved at the time with Thomas Corcoran, former chief of staff of Franklin D. Roosevelt and law partner of Humphrey’s campaign co–manager, James Rowe.
200
Black,
op. cit.,
pp. 635–638.
op. cit.,
pp. 635–638.
201
Black,
op. cit.,
p
.
660.
op. cit.,
p
.
660.
202
Black,
op. cit.,
pp. 670–671.
op. cit.,
pp. 670–671.
203
Black,
op. cit.,
p. 743.
op. cit.,
p. 743.
204
Black,
op. cit.,
pp. 767–771.
op. cit.,
pp. 767–771.
205
Ibid. pp. 787, 791–792.
206
Black,
op. cit.,
p
.
796.
op. cit.,
p
.
796.
207
Black,
op. cit.,
p. 853.
op. cit.,
p. 853.
208
Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 887.
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,
New York, PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 887.
209
Black,
op. cit.,
p. 924.
op. cit.,
p. 924.
210
Reagan’s entire range of carefully designed harassments of the Soviet Union is well described by Martin and Annelise Anderson in
Reagan’s Secret War,
New York, Crown, 2009.
Reagan’s Secret War,
New York, Crown, 2009.
211
Black,
op. cit
., p. 1049.
op. cit
., p. 1049.
212
Obama and Biden received 65.47 million votes (51 percent and 332 electoral votes) to 60.78 million votes for Romney and his running mate, Congressman Paul Ryan of Wisconsin (47.3 percent and 206 electoral votes). Given the scope of the country’s problems, there was little discussion of serious issues.
213
Disclosure: I was charged with 17 counts of financial and related crimes in 2005, of which four were abandoned, nine rejected by jurors, four unanimously vacated by the Supreme Court of the U.S., and two spuriously and self-servingly retrieved by a lower-court judge whom the high court had excoriated but to whom it remanded the four counts for assessment of the gravity of his own errors. I was sent to prison for three years and two weeks, where I was a tutor and teacher, able to help over a hundred fellow inmates to matriculate. The chances that I would ever have committed a crime have always been less than zero, and I was able to assess the terrible imbalances and excess of contemporary U.S. justice.
© 2013 by Conrad Black Capital Corporation
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(R 1997)
(Permanence of Paper).
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Black, Conrad.
Flight of the eagle: the grand strategies that brought America from colonial
dependence to world leadership/Conrad Black.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Black, Conrad.
Flight of the eagle: the grand strategies that brought America from colonial
dependence to world leadership/Conrad Black.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN : 978-1-594-03674-3
1. United States—Foreign relations. 2. Strategic culture—United States—History.
3. United States—Foreign relations administration. 4. Presidents—United States—History. I. Title.
E183.7.B57 2013
327.73—dc23
3. United States—Foreign relations administration. 4. Presidents—United States—History. I. Title.
E183.7.B57 2013
327.73—dc23
2012038962
Chapter
1: Wikimedia Commons, Source:
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brush/ben.htm
.
Chapter
2: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117116 DLC.
Chapter 3:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117117 DLC.
Chapter 4:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117120 DLC.
Chapter 5:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13011 DLC.
Chapter 6:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13016 DLC.
Chapter 7:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13018 DLC.
Chapter 8:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13026 DLC.
Chapter 9:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13028 DLC.
Chapter 10:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-26759 DLC.
Chapter 11:
Wikimedia Commons, Source: U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph #: NH 67209:
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm
. Donation of Vice Admiral Harry Sanders, USN (Retired), 1969.
Chapter 12:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-88849 DLC.
Chapter 13:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117123 DLC.
Chapter 14:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117124 DLC.
Chapter 15: Wikimedia
Commons, Courtesy of the National Archives & Records Administration.
Chapter 16:
Wikimedia Commons, Courtesy of Ronald Reagan Library, Source:
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/photo.html
1: Wikimedia Commons, Source:
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brush/ben.htm
.
Chapter
2: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117116 DLC.
Chapter 3:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117117 DLC.
Chapter 4:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117120 DLC.
Chapter 5:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13011 DLC.
Chapter 6:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13016 DLC.
Chapter 7:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13018 DLC.
Chapter 8:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13026 DLC.
Chapter 9:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-13028 DLC.
Chapter 10:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-26759 DLC.
Chapter 11:
Wikimedia Commons, Source: U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph #: NH 67209:
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm
. Donation of Vice Admiral Harry Sanders, USN (Retired), 1969.
Chapter 12:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-88849 DLC.
Chapter 13:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117123 DLC.
Chapter 14:
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117124 DLC.
Chapter 15: Wikimedia
Commons, Courtesy of the National Archives & Records Administration.
Chapter 16:
Wikimedia Commons, Courtesy of Ronald Reagan Library, Source:
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/photo.html
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