First Salute (54 page)

The most complete history of the
Andrew Doria
episode and the record of the supply of arms from St. Eustatius to the American rebels is by J. Franklin Jameson in “St. Eustatius in the American Revolution,” in
AHR
, July, 1903. See also Nordholt Schulte,
The Dutch Republic and American Independence
, 36-46; Melville; Edler; de Bruin; and Clark’s
Naval Documents
, which has a clear statement of all contents.

1
“DOUBTS AROSE”:
Malmesbury introduction, 18.

2
“MOST EVENTFUL EPOCH”:
ibid.

3
ROOSEVELT PLAQUE, “HERE THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE UNITED STATES”:
The New York Times
, December 9, 1939, p. 6, col. 7. The words can still be read on the monument.

4
“NINE CARTRIDGES TO A MAN”:
Sparks, I, 146.

5
WASHINGTON, “WE ARE OBLIGED TO SUBMIT”:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings
, IV, 27.

6
AT BUNKER HILL, BUTT ENDS:
Jesse, II, 107.

7
CADWALLADER COLDEN, “CONTRABAND BETWEEN THIS PLACE AND HOLLAND”:
q. Schulte, 35.

8
YORKE, “ALL OUR BOASTED EMPIRE”:
ibid., 36.

9
PEPYS:
full transcript, ed. Latham, Robert, entry of June 12, 1667, VIII, 261-2.

10
DUTCH RULERS ANNOUNCE SIX MONTHS’ EMBARGO OF CONTRABAND TO COLONIES:
Edler, 26.

11
ENGLISH SHIPS TO SHOW “MORE VIGILANCE”:
q. Schulte, 39.

12
PROPOSAL TO BLOCKADE YORKE’S RESIDENCE:
Edler, 84.

13
KING GEORGE, “EVERY INTELLIGENCE CONFIRMS”:
Sandwich Papers
, I, 103.

14
HEYLIGER PROTESTS “IRREGULARITIES SO FLAGRANT”:
q. Schulte, 38.

15
WIFE AS “STINGY AS SIN”:
q. ibid., 38.

16
THE PORT IS “OPENED,” PROTESTED CAPTAIN COLPOYS:
Clark’s
Naval Documents
, VII, 500.

17
“I AM ON THE BEST OF TERMS”:
letter of November 19, 1776, in Maryland Archives, XII; Jameson, 690-91.

18
“NETHERLANDS ANTILLES WINDWARD ISLANDS”:
Hartog, 168 and
passim
.

19
TWENTY-TWO CHANGES OF SOVEREIGNTY:
ibid., 23.

20
ABRAHAM RAVENÉ, THE GOVERNOR ORDERED:
Melville, 61.

21
CAPTAIN “MOST GRACIOUSLY RECEIVED”:
Jameson, 691.

22
PARTY GIVEN FOR CAPTAIN ROBINSON:
Clark, 616.

23
REPORTED IN
PURDIE’S VIRGINIA GAZETTE:
December 27, 1776, ibid.

24
ADMIRAL YOUNG’S PAINED “SURPRISE”:
Clark, 485-8.

Chief sources for Chapter II, in addition to those for Chapter I, are, for the commerce of the Golden Rock, Boxer; for van Bibber, Maryland Archives.

1
SAID TO BE RICHEST ISLAND IN THE WORLD:
Miller, 591.

2
BURKE’S SPEECH, “IT WAS DIFFERENT”:
GB Parl, XXII, 220-21.

3
49,000 POUNDS OF GUNPOWDER:
Jameson, 688.

4
ON A SINGLE DAY—FOUR SHIPS:
q. Schulte, 35, nn. 36 and 37.

5
YORKE, “THE AMERICANS WOULD HAVE HAD TO ABANDON”:
q. ibid., 36-7.

For general Dutch history of the 16th and 17th centuries: Blok, Davies, Haley, Schama. For Dutch ascendancy and expansion of trade: in addition to the above, Boxer, Blok. For
revolt of the Netherlands: in addition to the general histories, especially Davies, Geyl, Motley, Blok, Part 3, Schama.

1
“THE COUNTRY WHERE I AM”:
to Abigail, letters of September 14, 15, 1780, Adams,
Book of Abigail and John
.

2
GREATEST TRADING NATION IN THE WORLD:
Boxer, 27, 69.

3
ADMIRAL DE RUYTER ASTONISHED A FRENCH OFFICER:
Haley, 37.

4
10,000 SHIPS:
Palmer, 138; Mahan,
Influence
, 96.

5
PITT, “SUGAR, EH?”:
Mintz, 156.

6
“BUNCH OF BEGGARS”:
Motley, I, 160.

7
COUNCIL OF BLOOD:
Boxer, 9.

8
“ODIOUS PERSONAGE”:
q. G. P. Gooch,
History and Historians in the 19th Century
, Boston, 1965, p. 387.

9
“IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO HOPE”:
q. in a Memorial to the late Carl Friedrich by a Committee of the Department of Government, Harvard University,
Harvard Gazette
, February 7, 1986. This striking statement was a favorite of Professor Friedrich of Harvard and he liked to repeat it to his classes. The only published version the author has found is in slightly altered words in
The Oxford Book of Quotations
, p. 1489.

10
SIEGE OF LEYDEN:
Motley, II, 363-582. (This and other major events of the revolt will be found in the several Dutch histories of the period.)

11
WILLIAM’S PROPOSAL TO OPEN THE DIKES:
Davies, II, 10.

12
CHOSE THE UNIVERSITY:
Davies, II, 15.

13
OATH OF ABJURATION:
Geyl, 183; Davies, II, 100 ff.

14
COUNCILOR OF FRIESLAND EXPIRES ON TAKING OATH:
Davies, II, 111.

15
HANDS ON A CRUCIFIX:
see the picture by Ter Borch reproduced in Haley, 112-13.

16
ON PIERRE BAYLE:
Palmer, 276.

17
“AN IDEAL SOCIETY”:
Haley, 172.

For origins of the American navy, sources are: Morison,
Jones
; Morison,
History
; and Bancroft, V, 410 ff. For Greathead correspondence: Schulte, Edler, and Clark. For the Continental Flag: Lorenz, Burch. For
Baltimore Hero
, the protests of Greathead, Colpoys, and Admiral Young, and de Graaff’s hearings by the West India Company: Melville, Schulte.

1
WASHINGTON’S CREATION OF THE NAVY:
Morison,
Jones
, 35.

2
WASHINGTON ASKS FOR ARMED SHIP TO GO TO BERMUDA:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings
, III, 386.

3
SAMUEL CHASE, “MADDEST IDEA IN THE WORLD”:
October 7, 1775,
Journals of Continental Congress
, I—III, 485.

4
GEORGE WYTHE, “NO MARITIME POWER”:
October 21, 1775, ibid., 500.

5
“YOU HAVE BEGUN TO BURN OUR TOWNS,” BENJAMIN FRANKLIN TO WILLIAM STRAHAN, JULY 5, 1775:
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
, XXII, New Haven and London, 1982, p. 85.

6
ESEK HOPKINS, “A PACK OF DAMN FOOLS”:
q. Morison,
Jones
, 34.

7
MARGARET MANNY RECEIVED 49 YARDS:
the order for red-and-white-striped bunting survives in James Wharton’s Day Book, now in the State Library, Hartford, Connecticut; Lorenz, 58.

8
NEW FLAG RAISED BY JONES:
Lorenz, 58.

9
FIGHT WITH THE
GLASGOW:
Morison,
Jones
, 47-52.

10
“AWAY CAME POOR
GLASGOW”
:
q. Lorenz, 70.

11
CAPTAIN BIDDLE, “A MORE IMPRUDENT”:
q. Morison,
Jones
, 52.

12
CAPTAIN ROBINSON’S SEALED ORDERS:
Burch, 4; Melville, 59-60. For incident of salute, Melville, 71-3.

13
CAPTAIN ROBINSON DIPPED HIS FLAG:
Hartog, 71.

14
RAVENÉ ORDERED TO RESPOND:
Burch, 4; Melville, 61.

15
BIDDLE ORDERED TO SALUTE OTHER FORTS:
Clark, 1210.

16
NAVAL REGULATIONS FOR ACTION AT SEA:
Morison,
Jones
, 38.

See references for Chapter IV.

1
BALTIMORE HERO CAPTURES THE
MAY
:
Hartog, 73; Maclay, 133; Schulte, 45.

2
CORRESPONDENCE ON
BALTIMORE HERO
OF GREATHEAD, YOUNG, VAN BIBBER:
Melville, 62; Prescott, 2; fully documented in Edler, 245; Clark, 673; Schulte, 41-5; Young to de Graaff, December 14, 1776, Clark, 486.

3
GREATHEAD ACCUSATIONS:
Melville, 62 et seq.; Clark, 507-9.

4
DE GRAAFF SUBJECT TO SEASICKNESS:
Schulte, 13; PRO, Admiralty, 1/309, 31/336.

5
“A DISEASE WHICH RECEIVES NO PITY”:
Anonymous, 32.

6
DE GRAAFF’S REPLY TO CHARGES AT HEARINGS:
Clark, 501, 524-5; Schulte, 41-5.

7
TROTTMAN’S TESTIMONY:
Clark, 485.

8
COMMITTEE ACCEPTS HIS DEFENSE:
Jameson, 695.

9
182 SHIPS IN THIRTEEN MONTHS:
ibid., 686.

10
ADAMS ON INCREASE:
August 4, 1779, Adams,
Works
, VII, 104; Edler, 61-2.

11
TWO PRIVATEERS NAMED FOR DE GRAAFF AND WIFE:
M
UNDY
, II, 46.

12
F. W. CRAGIN COMMISSIONS PORTRAIT:
Donor was F. W. Cragin, who lived in Surinam as U.S. Consul to Paramaribo. The portrait of de Graaff, by an unknown painter, was commissioned by his brother, Paul Cragin, and donated in 1837 to New Hampshire, the Cragins’ native state. Letter to author from Visitors Center of State House, Concord, N.H.

13
YORKE ADDRESSES NETHERLANDS AS BOSTON:
Adams,
Works
, VII, 329.

14
BRUNSWICK, “MOST INSOLENT AND IMPROPER”:
q. Edler, 50.

15
“WRATH WITHOUT POWER”:
q. Schulte, 43.

16
YORKE “RAISED A VIOLENT FERMENTATION”:
to Sir William Eden, March 7, 1777: Edler, 51; Schulte, 21.

17
ISSUE OF UNLIMITED CONVOY:
Schulte, 70-2.

18
ALL MEN OF SUBSTANCE “SEEMED TO SHUDDER”:
Adams,
Works
, VII, 523.

For Dutch conditions, the major source is Schulte, on the political structure, especially Blok. Personalities of William V and the Duke of Brunswick are drawn by two observers, Malmesbury and Wraxall.

1
THE CONSTITUTION WAS “SO COMPLICATED AND WHIMSICAL A THING”:
Adams,
Works
, VII, 507.

2
VAN BLEISWIJK:
Schulte, prologue; van Loon, 297; Adams,
Works
, VII, 618.

3
“WHILE THE BURGHER IS SMALL”:
q. Boxer, 33.

4
DE WITT, “THE PERFECT HOLLANDER”:
ibid.

5
WILLIAM CARR, “SURPASS ALL OTHER CITIES”:
q. Haley, 156.

6
WILLIAM II OPPOSED TERMS WITH SPAIN:
Blok, IV, 142.

7
MACAULAY ON SILESIA:
Macaulay, “Frederick the Great,”
Critical and Historical Essays
, II, 117.

8
BRUNSWICK MANIFESTO:
James Robinson and Charles Beard,
Readings in Modern European History
, Boston, 1908, I, 292-4.

9
SECRET ACT OF ADVISERSHIP:
Schama, 36.

10
ON BRUNSWICK, “I HAVE RARELY SEEN”:
Wraxall, 78.

11
PRINCE-STADTHOLDER’S “CONSTITUTIONAL SOMNOLENCY”:
ibid., 75.

12
ON FREDERIKA SOPHIA, “WELL-EDUCATED”:
Blok, V, 152.

13
“NOT EVEN GO TO PARADISE”:
Malmesbury, II, 95.

14
ON WILLIAM V, “HIS UNDERSTANDING WAS CULTIVATED”:
Wraxall, 75.