Exuberance: The Passion for Life (48 page)

52.
Brain scans taken: V. Goel and R. Dolan, “The Functional Anatomy of Humor: Segregating Cognitive and Affective Components,”
Nature Neuroscience
, 4: 237–38 (2001).

53.
The funnier the joke: ibid.

54.
Scientists believe that the reward: ibid.

55.
“Cold Cape Cod clams”: Cole Porter, “Let’s Do It, Let’s Fall in Love,” from
Paris
, first performed in 1928; Warner Brothers Publications, Miami, Fla.

56.
“Hot blood begets hot thoughts”: William Shakespeare,
Troilus and Cressida
, Act III, scene 1, lines 126–27. He wrote as well that “affection is a coal that must be cooled, / Else, suffered, it will set the heart on fire. / The sea hath bounds, but deep desire hath none”
(Venus and Adonis
, lines 387–89).

57.
“Yea, to such rashness”: Thomas Hardy, “Lines, To a Movement in Mozart’s E-Flat Symphony,” in
The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy
, ed. James Gibson (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 459.

58.
“The simple accident”: Robert Louis Stevenson, “On Falling in Love,” in
The Lantern Bearers and Other Essays
, ed. J. Treglown (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988), p. 45; essay first published in 1876.

59.
“sets the whole world to a new tune”: William James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
(1902; New York: Penguin, 1982), p. 150.

60.
Love had been his tutor: W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan,
H.M.S. Pinafore
, in
The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), Act I, p. 125; first performed in 1878.

61.
This marriage of affinity and joy: T. R. Insel, J. T. Winslow, Z.-X. Wang, L. Young, and T. J. Hulihan, “Oxytocin and the Molecular Basis of Monogamy,”
Advances in Experimental Medical Biology
, 395: 227–34 (1996); T. R. Insel and Larry J. Young, “The Neurobiology of Attachment,”
Nature Reviews: Neuroscience
, 2: i-8 (2001); T. R. Insel, “Is Attachment an Addictive Disorder?”
Physiology and Behavior
, 79: 351–57 (2003).

62.
When a chemical that blocks oxytocin receptors: J. R. Williams, T. R. Insel, C. R. Harbaugh, and C. S. Carter, “Oxytocin Administered Centrally Facilitates Formation of a Partner Preference in Female Prairie Voles
(Microtus ochrogaster),” Journal of Neuroendocrinology
, 6: 247–50 (1994); T. R. Insel and T. J. Hulihan, “A Gender-Specific Mechanism for Pair Bonding: Oxytocin and Partner Preference Formation in Monogamous Voles,”
Behavioral Neuroscience
, 109: 782–89 (1995).

63.
mammal species that are not monogamous: D. G. Kleiman, “Monogamy in Mammals,”
Quarterly Review of Biology
, 52: 39–69 (1977).

64.
Examination of the montane vole’s brain: T. R. Insel and L. E. Shapiro, “Oxytocin Receptor Distribution Reflects Social Organization in Monogamous and Polygamous Voles,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
, 89: 5981–85 (1992).

65.
brain activation patterns: H. Breiter, R. L. Golub, R. M. Weisskoff, D. N. Kennedy, N. Makris, J. D. Berke, J. M. Goodman, H. L. Kantor, D. R. Gastfriend, J. P. Riorden, R. T. Mathew, B. R. Rosen, and S. E. Hyman, “Acute Effects of Cocaine on Human Brain Activity and Emotion,”
Neuron
, 19: 591–611 (1997).

66.
“Passions are the only orators”: François de La Rochefoucauld,
Maxims
, trans. Stuart D. Warner and Stéphane Douard (South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine’s Press, 2001), p. 4.

67.
repeated bouts of depression: Churchill’s physician, Lord Moran, wrote extensively about Churchill’s depressions and noted, as Churchill had, that melancholy permeated the Marlborough line. Churchill’s depression lasted at times
for only hours and at other times for months. Lord Moran,
Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran. The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).

68.
“conspicuously shared”: Isaiah Berlin,
The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), p. 621.

69.
“with all his buoyant sparkle”: quoted in Jon Meacham’s excellent book,
Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship
(New York: Random House, 2003), p. xiv.

70.
“At a time of weakness”: Berlin,
Proper Study of Mankind
, p. 629.

71.
“by his astonishing appetite for life”: ibid., p. 615.

72.
“I can see to this day”: Wilson Brown, quoted in Geoffrey C. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1989), p. 221.

73.
“showed immediately that he was at home”: Ward,
First-Class Temperament
, p. 222.

74.
“I’m nearly dead”: FDR to Frances Perkins, quoted in Meacham,
Franklin and Winston
, p. 237.

75.
“he seemed to have been endowed”: Violet Bonham Carter, obituary of Churchill,
The Times
(London), January 26, 1965.

76.
“We are all worms”: Violet Bonham Carter, “Winston Churchill—As I Know Him,” in
Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth
, ed. James Marchant (London: Cassell, 1954), p. 149.

77.
“tearing spirits”: Brendan Bracken, quoted in Moran,
Churchill
, p. 795.

78.
“was our hope”: C. P. Snow,
Variety of Men
(New York: Scribners, 1966), p. 149.

79.
“Churchill had a very powerful mind”: ibid., p. 167.

80.
“The multitudes were swept forward”: Winston Churchill,
Great Contemporaries
(1937; Safety Harbor, Fla.: Simon, 2001), p. 123.

81.
“I remember early in the war”: quoted in Moran,
Churchill
, p. 773.

82.
“He was indeed made for the hour”: Moran,
Churchill
, pp. 832–33.

83.
“I was very glad”: Winston Churchill, speech to Parliament, November 30, 1954, in
Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches
, selected by his grandson Winston S. Churchill (New York: Hyperion, 2003), p. 490.

84.
“rain festival”: Jane Goodall,
Africa in My Blood: An Autobiography in Letters: The Early Years
, ed. Dale Peterson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), pp. 171–72.

85.
Dance and music are an ancient part: Anthony Storr,
Music and the Mind
(London: HarperCollins, 1992); Robert Jourdain,
Music, the Brain, and Ecstasy
(New York: William Morrow, 1997); Nils L. Wallin, Björn Merker, and Steven
Brown, eds.,
The Origins of Music
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001); R. J. Zatorre and C. L. Krumhansi, “Mental Models and Musical Minds,”
Science
, 298: 2138–39 (2002); P. Janata, J. L. Birk, J. D. Van Horn, M. Leman, B. Tillman, and J. J. Bharucha, “The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music,”
Science
, 298: 2167–70 (2002).

86.
“To fling my arms wide”: Langston Hughes, “Dream Variations,” in
Selected Poems of Langston Hughes
(New York: Vintage, 1959), p. 14.

87.
“The [river] boat was still far off”: quoted in Laurence Bergreen,
Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life
(New York: Broadway Books, 1997), p. 148.

88.
“It was a breakdown”: Hoagy Carmichael and Stephen Longstreet,
Sometimes I Wonder
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965), pp. 57–58.

89.
“distinctly American brand of optimism”: Bergreen,
Louis Armstrong
, pp. 5–6.

90.
“his sound is both the most modern and the most ancient”: quoted in Dick Russell,
Black Genius and the American Experience
(New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998), p. 32.

91.
“The question in jazz”: quoted ibid., p. 33.

92.
“They all know I’m there”: quoted ibid., p. 35. Armstrong continued, “Through all of the misfortunes, etc., I did not plan anything. Life was there for me and I accepted it. And life, whatever came out, has been beautiful to me, and I love everybody” (pp. 35–36).

93.
Music evolved as a “play-space”: quoted in Susan Milius, “Face the Music,”
Natural History
, December 2001-January 2002, pp. 48–57.

94.
“was game for anything”: Bergreen,
Louis Armstrong
, p. 161.

95.
the songs of humpback whales: R. Payne, “Whale Songs: Musicability or Mantra?” paper presented at Bio Music Symposium, American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting, 2000. See also P. M. Gray, B. Krause, J. Atema, C. Krumhansl, and L. Batista, “The Music of Nature and the Nature of Music,”
Science
, 291: 52–54 (2001).

96.
Music activates the same reward systems: A. J. Blood and R. J. Zatorre, “Intensely Pleasurable Responses to Music Correlate with Activity in Brain Regions Implicated in Reward and Emotion,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
, 98: 11818–23 (2001).

97.
decreases activity in brain structures: ibid.

98.
“Music exalts life”: Storr,
Music and the Mind
, p. 188.

99.
“Man’s extremity”: William James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
(1902; London: Penguin, 1982), pp. 47–48.

100.
The ecstasy associated with religious experiences: James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience;
Marghanita Laski,
Ecstasy: A Study of Some Secular and Religious Experiences
(London: Cresset, 1961).

101.
“broke up in a single moment”: C. S. Lewis:
Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life
(San Diego: Harvest, 1955), p. 72.

102.
“I knew (with fatal knowledge)”: ibid., p. 73.

103.
“allows you to keep going”: David Sloan Wilson,
Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

104.
“denote the ravings of insanity”: Henry Maudsley,
Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings
(London: Kegan Paul, 1886), p. 221.

105.
“The visitation [of Swedenborg’s hallucinations]”: ibid., pp. 241–42.

106.
Neptune and Uranus: J. F. Nisbit,
The Insanity of Genius
(London: Grant Richards, 1900).

107.
manic delusions and hallucinations: Emil Kraepelin,
Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia
, trans. R. M. Barclay, ed. G. M. Robertson (Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, 1921; reprinted New York: Arno Press, 1976); George Winokur, Paula Clayton, and Theodore Reich,
Manic-Depressive Illness
(St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1969); Frederick K. Goodwin and Kay R. Jamison,
Manic-Depressive Illness
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 262–68.

108.
We are not the only species: Ronald K. Siegel,
Intoxication: Life in the Pursuit of Artificial Paradise
(New York: Pocket Books, 1989); Cindy Engel,
Wild Health
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002).

109.
self-medication is also involved: R. K. Siegel and M. Brodie, “Alcohol Self-Administration by Elephants,”
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
, 22: 49–52 (1984).

110.
There are many nonchemical routes: Peter T. Furst, “ ‘High States’ in Culture-Historical Perspectives,” in N. E. Zinberg,
Alternate States of Consciousness
(New York: Free Press, 1977), pp. 53–88.

111.
the ancient Greeks were the first: William J. Broad, “For Delphic Oracle, Fumes and Visions,”
New York Times
, March 19, 2002.

112.
“absolutely intoxicated me”: letter from Sir Humphry Davy to Davies Giddy, April 10, 1799, quoted in John Ayrton Paris,
The Life of Sir Humphry Davy
(London: Colburn, 1831), pp. 79–80.

113.
“Such a gas has Davy discovered!”: Robert Southey,
The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey
, 6 vols., ed. Charles Cuthbert Southey (London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1849), vol. 2, pp. 21–22.

114.
“united power of 700 instruments”: Henry Wansey, quoted in James Hamilton,
Faraday: The Life
(London: HarperCollins, 2002), p. 68.

115.
“Depth beyond depth”: James,
Varieties of Religious Experience
, pp. 387–88.

116.
“utterly what they are”: William James, “The Psychology of Belief,”
Mind
, 14: 321–52 (1889), p. 322.

117.
“nine cases out of ten”: Sir James Crichton-Browne, “The Cavendish Lecture on Dreamy Mental States,”
Lancet
, July 13, 1895, 73–75, p. 73.

118.
“A medical man”: ibid., pp. 73–74.

119.
by stimulating a part of the brain: G. F. Koob and E. Nestler, “The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction,”
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
, 9: 482–97 (1997); W. Schultz, P. Dayan, and P. R. Montaque, “A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward,”
Science
, 275: 1593–99 (1997); C. W. Bradberry, R. L. Barrett-Larimore, P. Jatlow, and S. R. Rubino, “Impact of Self-Administered Cocaine and Cocaine Cues on Extracellular Dopamine in Mesolimbic and Sensorimotor Striatum in Rhesus Monkeys,”
Journal of Neuroscience
, 20: 3874–83 (2000); P.E.M. Phillips, G. D. Stuber, M.L.A.V. Helen, R. M. Wightman, and R. M. Carelli, “Subsecond Dopamine Release Promotes Cocaine Seeking,”
Nature
, 422: 614–18 (2003).