Authors: M.D. Kevin Fong
kidney transplants, 53, 61
Korean War, 96
Ko San, 198, 199
lactic acid, 119
Laika (dog in space), 254
Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 95â97, 111
larynx, 156
Lassen, Henry Cai Alexander, 129
lens system, 220
life, edge of, 115
life expectancy, 245, 250
life-support systems:
in space, 186, 191, 193
and trauma, 111, 115
for trip to Mars, 229â31
when to stop, 120
Light, John, 115â16
Li Moon Ki, 121
Lindfield, Henry, 244â45
lithium hydroxide, 226
Liu Jianlun, 139â40
liver transplants, 61
lungs:
and aging, 247
air in, 154, 157, 169
and breathing, 156, 161
and buoyancy, 157
carbon dioxide expelled from, 132, 133
in diving, 167
inflating, 184
and rupture of alveoli, 169
TB in, 241
transplants, 61
water in, 158
Magellan, Ferdinand, 255â56
Malenchenko, Yuri, 201, 202â3, 206
Mamanuca islands, 171
Manish (resident), 69â70
marker proteins, 56
Mars, 211â14
getting to, 224â27, 232, 234
gravity of, 235
life support for trip to, 229â31
long-stay architecture, 225, 226
orbit of, 225
resupply for, 226
short-stay architecture, 225â26
MASH units, 96
masks, high-filtration,
118
, 144â45
Mauritius, 121â23
polio epidemic on, 122â23, 127
maxillofacial surgery, 47, 246
McIndoe, Archibald, 43, 44â48, 54, 56, 65, 256
medicine, frontiers of, 72â73
mercury, 164â65
microsurgery, 49â50
Middlesex Hospital, 97â98, 100â102
Mifsud, Stéphane, 166
Mir,
229
mitochondria, 124, 156
mitral valve, 85â87, 88â90
Moon:
astronauts on, 253
as destination, 212, 213, 232, 236, 255
studies of, 253â54
Moore, Nick, 116
motor cortex, 123, 124â25
mountaineers, 182â83
Mount Everest, 182â83, 185, 190
Mount Vernon Hospital, 240â42, 244
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 60
muscle contraction, 125
muscles:
aging, 246â48
wasting away, 218, 221â22
Næsheim, Torvind, 15â18, 29
Napoleonic Wars, 97, 111
narcotic effects (“narcs”), in diving, 170, 171
NASA, 181â82, 187, 191, 195â96
Apollo space program, 213, 215
Artificial Gravity Pilot Project, 233â36
author's internship with, 181â82
budget cuts in, 236
Challenger,
186, 190, 205
Columbia,
186, 190, 205
Enterprise,
180
, 195
Kennedy Space Center, 187, 191â92
and Mars, 211â14
and space shuttle, 187, 191
training aircraft,
210
, 215â17
X-38, 195â96
negative buoyancy, 155, 158
nervous system, cells of, 125â26
neurons, 124â26
neutrality, 10
Nimrod,
27
nitrogen, 170â71, 175â76
Nitsch, Herbert, 166
non-heart-beating organ donation, 53â54
noradrenaline, 143
nuclear arms race, 254
Oberth, Hermann, 230, 231
orange angels, 215â17
orbit, use of term, 190
orbits, of Earth and Mars, 225
organelles, 124
organ transplants, 52â53
and immune system, 55â56
matching donor and recipient, 56
non-heart-beating donation, 53â54
order of retrieval for, 61
Orpington General Hospital, England, 42â43
otoliths, 218, 219
oxygen:
absence of, 177
in air, 170, 183â84
in the blood, 142, 163
and breathing, 156, 184
in diving, 166
supplemental, 182â83
supply of, 165â66
under pressure, 170, 184
ozone hole, 28
Paget, Stephen,
Surgery of the Chest,
73
parabolic flight, 216
parafoil, 196
Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, 57
pearl divers, 162
Peiris, Malik, 147
penicillin, discovery of, 85
photosynthesis, 226â27
plasticity, 48â49
plastic surgery, 44â48, 58, 257
poliomyelitis, 126
and anesthesia, 130â35
infantile paralysis as, 127
and intensive care, 130â31, 135, 148, 256
and iron lungs, 131, 132â33, 256
polio epidemic in Copenhagen, 127, 129â35, 148, 256
polio epidemic on Mauritius, 122â23, 127
polio virus, 125, 127
vaccination against, 148, 256
Polyakov, Valeri, 229
PomahaÄ, Bohdan, 54â55, 56, 58â64
Ponting, Herbert, photo by,
8
pregnancy, 86
pressure:
air, 168â69, 170â71
at altitude, 183
at sea level, 170
water, 169
wound of, 170
pressure cookers, 185
pressurization, of airline cabin, 183
priority, ABC, 99â100, 105, 109, 110
proteins:
and burns, 42
matching, 56
public health, 147â48
pulmonary artery, 76
Qalito, 171â77
quadriceps, 218
Queen Victoria Hospital, England,
30
and McIndoe, 46
Ward 3 in, 43â48
radiation hazards, 227, 228
radiology, 87
reconstructive surgery, 257
redundancy, 192
respiration, anaerobic, 166
resuscitation:
and hemorrhage, 113
intraoperative, 82â83
key to, 19
and survival, 257
retina, 219â20
return to landing site (RTLS), 192â94
rheumatic fever, 86, 89
ribosomes, 124
ribs, 156, 158
risk, 92, 252â53, 254
rocket science, 190â91, 205
Ross Ice Shelf, 9, 12, 27
Royal Air Force (RAF), 38â41
Russian Progress vehicle, 226
SARS, 139â48
contagiousness in, 146
declining number of cases, 146â47
and Gomersall, 142â46
how it works, 140â41
and intensive care, 148
and Liu, 139â40
and masks,
118
, 144â45
SARS-CoV, 147
survival, 148
science fiction, 193â94
Scott, Robert Falcon:
death of, 14, 15, 26, 253â54
and hypothermia, 9, 12â14, 26
legacy of, 27â29, 72, 207
ship of,
8
, 27
SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), 167â68
scuba diving,
152
seasickness, 220â21
semicircular canals, 233
Shackleton, Ernest, 27
shock caused by hemorrhage, 83, 84
Siebe Gorman diving gear, 167
Singstad, Ketil, 17
sinking, 155
skin, 32â36
aging cells, 246
and blood supply vs. beauty, 45â46, 50, 64
bridged to face,
30
burned, 32, 36
cold receptors in, 161, 164
dermis, 35
epidermis, 34â35
as essential organ, 37
free flap of, 50, 58
grafted, 56
microsurgery on, 49â50
new cell growth, 36â37, 126
and plastic surgery, 44â48
reconstruction of, 46, 50
remapping the circulation of, 50
sensory array of, 35â36
strata of, 34â35
vapor barrier, 37
vascular anatomy of, 50â51, 60
waltzing, 45â46, 48â49, 256
skin diving, 162â63
Smithy, Horace, 87
sodium thiopental, 134
solar flares, 227â29
solid rocket boosters (SRBs), 188
South Pole, 9, 27â29
Soyuz space vehicle, 196
on reentry, 204â7
TMA-12, 200â202
space:
and Armstrong line, 184â86
artificial life support in, 186, 191, 193
Assured Crew Return Vehicle, 196
deep-space maneuvers, 225
Enterprise,
180
, 195
exploration of, 207
frontier of, 186â90
Mars,
see
Mars
medical emergency in, 194â95, 196
mishaps in, 207
and NASA training,
210
, 215â17
and nuclear arms race, 254
orbital flight, 207, 212â13
radiation hazards in, 227, 228
and return to Earth, 205â7, 208, 223â24
solar flares, 227â29
X-38, 195â96
spacefall, 224
spaceflight:
consequences of, 230
use of term, 224
space shuttle, 187, 191â94, 196, 208
space vehicles, 204â5
Spanish flu, 240
spinal column:
and erector spinae, 217
in trauma cases, 99â100
spleen, 165
Sputnik, 254
Starr, Harold Morley, 39
Statti, Giorgios Haggi, 162â63, 167
stem cells, 34, 240
stroke, 125
Styner, James K., 105â9, 113
suction, 156
supernova,
238
survivability, limits of, 5
synapse, 125
syphilis, 135
Taylor, Ian, 50â51
Terra Nova,
8
, 27
testosterone, 247
thermal shield, 205
thermal tolerance, 42
thoracic aorta, aneurysm of, 23
thoracic surgery, 80, 81, 84
thoracotomy, 71
Torquemada, Tomás de, 234
trachea, 156
tracheostomy, 133â34
transatlantic abort (TA), 193
transfusion medicine, 87â88
transplant medicine, 52â54
transplants:
full face, 52, 54, 55, 58â64, 257
and immune system, 55â56
trauma, 243
ABC priority in, 99â100, 105, 109, 110
Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol, 100, 105, 109, 111, 113
and airplane crash, 105â9
barotrauma, 170
body's response to, 113â14
and bombing incident, 102â5, 109â11, 115
derivation of word, 98â99
and hemorrhage, 110, 113
and immune system, 114â15
and intensive care, 115
protocols in, 104â5, 108â9, 111â12
spinal column in, 99â100
Tromsø University Hospital, Norway, 19â23, 29, 257
tuberculosis, 241
Tudor Edwards, Arthur, 79â80, 81
unconsciousness, of anesthesia, 128â29, 134
underwater exploration, 177â78
Urbani, Carlo, 135â38, 139, 147
U.S. Army hospital, England, 82
vapor barrier, 37
vena cava, 76
ventilators, 128, 135
iron lungs, 131, 132â33, 256
and SARS, 142â43
vestibular system, 233
Victoria,
255â56
Vietnam War,
94
, 96
viral pandemics, 126, 135, 147â48, 240
viruses, 126
atypical pneumonia in China, 136â40
containing outbreaks of, 147
coronavirus, 147
move from animals to humans, 140
polio, 125, 127
SARS, 139â48
visual cortex, 210
vocal cords, 247
voluntary movement, 123
von Braun, Wernher, 211â12
von Kármán line, 186
Vostok I,
208
waltzing the skin, 45â46, 48â49, 256
Ward, Claire, 89â90, 92
water:
boiling point of, 185
covering the Earth, 177â78
density of, 168
pressure of, 169
Waterloo, Battle of, 95
weightlessness,
210
, 214, 216, 221, 232
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 95
Whipple, Allen, 80
white blood cells, 55, 114, 165
Whitson, Peggy, 200, 201, 203
Wiens, Dallas, 56â65, 257
Wilson, Edward, 27
World Health Organization (WHO), 136â38, 139
World War I, 73â76
in France,
66
gunshot wound to the heart, 74â76
Hudson in, 239â40, 245â46
X-rays in, 75
World War II:
and acceptable risk, 92
antibiotics in, 85
Battle of Britain, 38â41, 256
bomber crews in, 184
burn victims,
30
cardiac surgery in, 87
D-Day, 82
helicopter evacuations in, 96
mechanization of combat in, 79
skin grafts in, 56
Wright brothers, 6
X-38, 195â96
X-rays, 75, 228
Yang Tin Ying, 121
Yi Soyeon, 197â203, 208
going to Moscow, 198â99
and reentry, 202â3, 205â7
on space station, 200â201
zero-G, 214