Exorcising Hitler (70 page)

39
 Farquharson, ‘“Emotional but Influential”’, as above, pp. 506–8.

40
 Bischof and Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs
, p. 108.

41
 Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, p. 282.

42
 NARA College Park RG407/270/69/23/01 Box 1118 US Opinion Concerning Police Toward Germany Report no. 6, 31 January 1946, p. 3.

43
 Ibid., p. 283.

44
 Steege,
Black Market, Cold War
, p. 46.

45
 Clay, Personal to Maj. Gen. Echols and Assistant Secretary Petersen, 27 March 1946, SECRET in Smith, ed.,
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay
, vol. II, p. 184.

46
 Secretary Kenneth Royall as quoted in Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, p. 286.

47
 NARA College Park RG407/270/69/23/01 Box 1118 HICOG Public Opinion Surveys – Summary of German public opinion trends 1945–1949, p. 6.

48
 NARA College Park, as above, p. 8.

9 NO PARDON

1
 Text available online in Latin, German, English and other languages at http://www.pax-westphalica.de/ipmipo/index.html.

2
 See Gregor Dallas,
Poisoned Peace 1945
–
The War That Never Ended
, pp. 495f.

3
 Ibid., pp. 508f.

4
 See Norman Davies,
Europe at War 1939
–
1945: No Simple Victory
, p. 195.

5
 Thus the Head of Operations of the German Red Cross from 1937 to early 1945 was Professor Dr E. R. Grawitz, who was also Chief Physician of the SS and perpetrator of notorious ‘scientific’ atrocities at Buchenwald. His successor, Karl Gebhardt, was a senior SS doctor and personal physician to Himmler, and was in charge of lethal human experiments at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. For Grawitz, see Benno Muller-Hill (translated by George R. Fraser),
Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, Germany 1933
–
1945
, p. 82, and Evans,
The Third Reich at War
,
p. 607
.
For Gebhardt see Evans, p. 604f. and p. 612.

6
 Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, p. 728.

7
 Ibid.

8
 John Weitz,
Joachim von Ribbentrop: Hitler’s Diplomat
,
p. 295.

9
 Quoted from Lovat Fraser, ‘Shall We Hang the Kaiser?’,
in
The War Illustrated
, 11 January 1919, available online at
http://www.greatwardifferent.com
. Fraser (1871–1926) was a former editor of the
Times of India
and a prolific journalist who at this time was also a regular foreign correspondent for the London
Times
. See his obituary in
The Times
, 21 April 1926.

10
 Ann Tusa and John Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trial
, p. 69.

11
 Jeffrey D. Hockett, ‘Justice Robert H. Jackson, the Supreme Court, and the Nuremberg Trial’, in
The Supreme Court Review
, vol. 1990 (1990), p. 258.

12
 Quoted in Robert E. Conot,
Justice at Nuremberg
, New York, 1993 (paperback edition), p. 68.

13
 See Charter of the International Military Tribunal – Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, Article 22: ‘The permanent seat of the Tribunal shall be in Berlin. The first meetings of the members of the Tribunal and of the Chief Prosecutors shall be held at Berlin in a place to be designated by the Control Council for Germany. The first trial shall be held at Nuremberg, and any subsequent trials shall be held at such places as the Tribunal may decide.’

14
 Daniel Bloxham, quoted in Olick,
In the House of the Hangman
, p. 109.

15
 Ibid., p. 109, n.37.

16
 Cited in ibid., pp. 112f.

17
 See Marion Gräfin Dönhoff,
Namen, die keine mehr nennt: Ostpreußen, Menschen und Geschichte
, pp. 26ff. And for the following.

18
 Jacobs,
Freiwild
, p. 86.

19
 For an account in English of this incident see Christina von Krockow,
The Hour of the Women
(translated by Krishna Winston), pp. 45f.

20
 Ibid., preface (unnumbered).

21
 See Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, pp. 142f.

22
 See Arnd Bauerkämper, ‘Zwangsmodernisierung und Krisenzyklen, Die Bodenreform und Kollektivierung in Brandenburg 1945–1960/61’
in
Geschichte und Gesellschaft
, 25. Jahrg., H. 4, Ostdeutschland unter dem Kommunismus 1945–1990 (October–December 1999), p. 560.

23
 Ibid., p. 153.

24
 See Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
, p. 195.

25
 Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, p. 93.

26
 See Winfrid Halder, ‘“Prüfstein . . . für die politische Lauterkeit der Führenden?” Der Volksentscheid zur “Enteignung der Kriegs- und Naziverbrecher” in Sachsen im Juni 1946’, in
Geschichte und Gesellschaft
, 25. Jahrg., H. 4, Ostdeutschland unter dem Kommunismus 1945–1990 (October–December. 1999), pp. 592f.

27
 Halder, ‘“Prüfstein . . . für die politische Lauterkeit der Führenden?”’, as above.

28
 Figures in ibid., p. 589.

29
 For Krupp’s arrest, see Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, pp. 483f. The valet’s words were: ‘
Meine Herren, Herr Krupp erwartet Sie. Darf ich Sie bitten, näherzutreten?
’

30
 William Manchester,
The Arms of Krupp: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty that Armed Germany at War
,
pp. 605f.

31
 Tusa,
The Nuremberg Trials
,
pp. 138f.

32
 Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, p. 481.

33
 Diarmuid Jeffreys,
Hell’s Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine
, p. 301.

34
 Ibid., p. 290.

35
 Quoted in ibid., p. 301.

36
 Ibid., pp. 315f.

37
 See Thomas Ramge, ‘Totaler Krieg, Totaler Profit’, at http://www.thomasramge.de/texte1/kriegprofit.htlm.

10 THE FISH AND THE NET

1
 Frodien,
Bleib übrig
, p. 239.

2
 For this and the following see Astrid M. Eckert,
Kampf um die Akten: die Westalliierten und die Rückgabe von deutschem Archivgut nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
,
Transatlantische Historische Studien 20, pp. 59f., and Sven-Felix Kellerhof, ‘Brisante Papiere aus dem Müllhaufen’, in
Die Welt
, 2.11.2005.

3
 See Lester K. Born, ‘The Ministerial Collecting Center near Kassel, Germany’, in
The American Archivist
, vol. 13, no. 3 (July 1950), pp. 237–58. Born, a trained archivist as well as a captain (later major) in the army, had played a major role in the foundation and operation of the MCC.

4
 Born, p. 244.

5
 Kenneth O. McCreedy, ‘Planning the Peace: Operation Eclipse and the Occupation of Germany’, in
Journal of Military History
, vol. 65, no. 3 (July 2001), p. 739.

6
 JCS 1067 text, as cited above.

7
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany,
p. 47. And for the extreme advocates.

8
 Interview with Steffen Cüppers, Dresden, February 2003. Faced with this passionate denial, the author returned to check with Götz Bergander. Herr Bergander confirmed that, although it was never discussed in the family, his father had indeed been a Party member of the passive sort.

9
   Interview with Götz Bergander.

10
 Tom Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed: America and Britain and the Denazification of Post-War Germany
, p. 98.

11
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 77. Rudolph went on to design the Saturn V rocket that took the first American astronauts to the moon.

12
 See Dolores Augustine, ‘Wunderwaffen of a Different Kind: Nazi Scientists in East German Industrial Research’, in
German Studies Review
, vol. 29, no. 3 (October 2006), pp. 579–88. The author went to school (from 1959) with several sons of German scientists who had worked on the V2 but by then were employed at the rocket research station at Westcott, near Aylesbury. Despite invariably being known to their fellow pupils as ‘Fritz’, they were otherwise popular and well integrated.