Escape Velocity (48 page)

10. Bruce Sterling, Schismatrix (New York: Ace, 1985), p. 179.

11. Mark Dery, "Flame Wars," in Flame Wars, p. 565.

12. Ted Nelson, "Pain Killer," New Media, June 1994, p. 118; John Holusha,

"Carving Out Real-Life Uses for Virtual Reality," New York Times, October 31, 1993, p. Ell; N. R. Kleinfield, "Stepping through a Computer Screen,

Disabled Veterans Savor Freedom," New York Times, March 12, 1995, Metro section, p. L39.

13. Frank J. Tipler, The Physics of Immortahty: Modern Cosmology God and the

Resurrection of the Dead (New York: Doubleday, 1994), p. 1.

14. Terence McKenna, "Psychedelics before and after History," recorded 1987

lecture, available on cassette from Lux Natura, 2140 Shattuck Avenue Box 2196, Berkeley, Calif 94704. 1 5. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New^ York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 207.

16. Quoted in Richard Guy Wilson, "America and the Machine Age," in The

Machine Age in America, ed. Richard Guy Wilson, Dianne H. Pilgrim, and Dickran Tashjian (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986), p. 24.

17. From the song "Re: Creation" by the Shamen, Boss Drum (Epic, 1992).

18. Thomas Hine, Facing Tomorrow: What the Future Has Been, What the Future Can

Be (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 34.

19. Donna J. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature

(New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 153.

20. Quoted in Bryan Miller, "Got a Minute?" New York Times, April 24, 1994,

sect. 9, p. 8.

21. Adbusters Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 3 (winter 1995), inside front cover.

22. Bruce Sterling (bruces), topic 1220: "AT&T's 'You Will' Campaign," in the

WELL's telecommunicating conference, June 20, 1993.

23. The resident CIA analyst (amicus) aka Ross Stapleton-Gray, ibid., June 20,1993.

24. Mitch Ratcliffe (coyote), ibid., June 25, 1993.

25. Gary Chapman, "Taming the Computer," in Flame Wars, p. 844.

26. Kelly is quoted in Paul Keegan, "The Digerati!" New York Times Magazine,

May 21, 1995, p. 42; Zerzan is quoted in Kenneth R. Noble, "Prominent Anarchist Finds Unsought Ally in Serial Bomber," New York Times, May 7, 1995, National section, p. 24.

27. Constance Penley and Andrew Ross, "Cyborgs at Large: Interview with Donna

Haraway," in Technoculture, ed. Constance Penley and Andrew Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), p. 16.

Chapter 1

1. Eric Scigliano, "Relighting the Firesign," New York Times, May 2, 1993, p. 11.

2. New York Times, April 4, 1993, p. 17.

3. "The Trip," Details, March 1993, p. 128.

Notes 325

4. Howard Fineman, "The Sixties: The GOP's New Strategy," Newsweek, March 25,

1991, p. 39.

5. Bruce Sterling, The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic

Frontier (New York: Bantam, 1992), p. 235.

6. Fractal geometry, a field of study pioneered by the mathematician Benoit

Mandlebrot in the seventies, offers mathematical recipes for generating stunningly detailed images reminiscent of snowflakes, inkblots, paisleys, tree branches, coastlines, and so forth; their seeming randomness bears a striking resemblance to "many of the irregular and fragmented patterns around us," in the words of its founder. See Benoit B. Mandlebrot, "How Long is the Coast of Britain?" in The World Treasury of Physics, Astronomy, and Mathematics, ed. Timothy Ferris (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991), pp. 447-55.

7. Inner Technologies catalogue, fall 1991, p. 21.

8. Smart drugs, many of which are controlled substances in the United States, are

not be to confused with smart drinks, the supposedly brain-boosting blender confections served at raves. Largely a mixture of fruit juice, vitamins, amino acids, caffeine or the caffeine-like 1-phenylalanine, and choline, which allegedly nourishes brain cells, the latter are far less potent.

9. Philip Elmer-Dewitt, "Cyberpunk!" Time, February 8, 1993, pp. 64-65.

10. Bruce Sterling, preface to Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology, ed. Bruce

Sterling (New York: Ace, 1988), p. xii.

11. Ibid.

12. Camille Paglia, "Ninnies, Pedants, 'grants and Other Academics," New York

Times, May 5, 1991, sect. 7, p. 1.

13. Jane and Michael Stern, Sixties People (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990),

pps. 164, 166.

14. Sterling, preface to Mirrorshades, p. xiii.

1 5. Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1969), p. 177.

16. James Haskins and Kathleen Benson, The '60s Reader (New York: Viking

Kestrel, 1988), p. 163.

17. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (New York: Bantam, 1969), p. 145.

18. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Dell, 1984),

p. 162.

19. Ibid., p. 156.

20. Theodore Roszak, "The Misunderstood Movement," New York Times, Decem-

ber 3, 1994, p. 23.

21. ''Playboy Interview: Marshall McLuhan," Playboy, March 1969, p. 66.

22. Frank Kappler, "A Film Revolution to Blitz Man's Mind," Life, July 14, 1967,

p. 22.

23. Wolfe, Acid Test, pp. 60-61.

24. Ibid., p. 123.

25. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987),

p. 207.

26. Arthur C. Clarke, "The Mind of the Machine," Playboy, December 1968,

p. 293.

27. Ibid., pp. 293-94.

28. Richard Brautigan, Trout Fishing in America, The Pill versus the Springhill Mine

Disaster; and In Watermelon Sugar (New York: Delacorte Press, 1971), p. 1.

29. Queen Mu and R. U. Sirius, editorial, Mondo 2000, no. 7, fall 1989, p. 11.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace (New York:

HarperSanFrancisco, 1994), pp. 181-82.

33. Gitlin, r/ie Sixties, p. 213.

34. Ibid., pp. 208-9.

35. Throughout this section, I look to the writings and interview comments of the

magazine's publisher. Queen Mu, and the erstwhile editor-in-chief R. U. Sirius, for Mondo's deeper meanings. It goes without saying, of course, that it, like all magazines, is the collective brainchild of diverse contributors, most notably its influential art director, Bart Nagel. Nonetheless, it was indelibly stamped in its formative early issues with the ideologies, attitudes, and aesthetics of Mu and Sirius; their manifestos, spoken and written, must play a prominent role in any critique of the magazine.

36. HarperPerennial catalogue, June 1992, p. 48.

37. The Firesign Theatre, "I Think We're All Bozos on This Bus," in The Firesign

Theatre's Big Book of Plays (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), p. 107.

38. Queen Mu, "Bacchic Pleasures"; John Perry Barlow, "Virtual Nintendo,"

Mondo 2000, no. 5, pp. 46, 82.

39. Queen Mu, "Orpheus in the Maelstrom," Mondo 2000, no. 4, p. 131; Andrew

Hultkrans, "The Slacker Factor: GenXploitation," Mondo 2000, no. 10, p. 14.

40. Queen Mu interviews herself in "Tarantismo and the Modern-Day Rock

Magician," High Frontiers, annual, 1987; Sirius's girlfriend Sarah Drew is

Notes 327

profiled by Marshall McLaren in "Infinite Personalities, Multiple Orgasms, Cyborgs & Foucault," Mondo, no. 4; Sirius's band, Mondo Vanilli, is profiled in Mondo, no. 7; Doug St. Clair (aka Ivan Stang) reviews Three Fisted Tales of Bob, ed. Ivan Stang, in Mondo, no. 2; Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, peddlers of Designer Foods and Psychoactive Soft; Drinks, were interviewed in High Frontiers, annual, 1987, as well as the no. 7 (fall 1989), summer 1990, winter I99I, and no. 4 issues of Mondo, all but two of which they advertised in. Their departure from the magazine is coincident with the disappearance of their advertising.

41. R. U. Sirius, "New World Disorder: All Is NOT One," Mondo 2000, no. 4, p. 9.

42. D. H. Lawrence, "A Sane Revolution," in The Complete Poems ofD.H. Lawrence,

ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and Warren Roberts (New York: Viking Press, 1971), p. 517.

43. Vivian Sobchack, "New Age Mutant Ninja Hackers: Reading Mondo 2000,''

Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture /South Atlantic Quarterly, ed. Mark Dery, vol. 92, no. 4 (fall 1993), pp. 573-74.

44. R. U. Sirius (rusirius), topic 288, "Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture

by Mark Dery," in the WELL's Mondo conference, February 21, 1994.

45. R. U. Sirius, "The New Species Comes of Age," High Frontiers, no. 4,1987, p. 6.

46. Martha Sherrill, "Virtually Unreal! A Mag for the Millennium," Washington

Post, February 19, 1992, p. C2.

47. Richard Scheinin, "Tune In, Log On, Drop Out," San Jose Mercury News, May

30, 1989, p. 8E

48. Norman Spinrad, Science Fiction in the Real World (Carbondale and Edwardsville,

111.: Southern Ilhnois University Press, 1990), p. 133.

49. R. U. Sirius, "Upwingers: Looking for Solutions in the Solution Box," High

Frontiers, annual, 1987, p. 26.

50. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam, 1981), p. 166.

51. Wes Thomas, "NanoCyborgs," Mondo 2000, no. 12, 1994, p. 16.

52. R. U. Sirius, topic 22, "Flame Wars," in the WELL's Mondo conference.

53. R. U. Sirius, "Sirius' Soapbox," High Frontiers, annual, 1987, p. 3.

54. Hakim Bey, "Pirate Utopias and the Temporary Autonomous Zone," Mondo

2000, no. 5, p. 128.

55. Ibid.

56. Oracle and Zarkov, "An Acid Take on Camille Paglia," Mondo 2000, no. 5,

p. 118.

57. William L. O'Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s

(New York: Times Books, 1971), p. 265.

58. Ibid., p. 240.

59. Quoted in Richard Scheinin, "Tune In"; Leslie Harlib, "Alison in Wonderland,"

The Monthly, December 1990, p. 10.

60. Catherine McEver, "Sex, Drugs & Cyberspace," Express, September 28, 1990,

p. 12.

61. "Homo Technoeroticus," Mondo 2000 advertising brochure.

62. Ellen Willis, "Let's Get Radical: Why Should the Right Have All the Fun?"

Village Voice, December 20, 1994, p. 33.

63. R. U. Sirius, "Upwingers," p. 26.

64. Ibid., pp. 26-27.

65. Gitlin, The Sixties, p. 227.

66. Rushkoff, Cyberia, p. 232.

67. "Laura Eraser (phraze)," topic 266, "Future Sex-the Magazine: Feedback and

Discussion," in the WELL's sex conference, June 29, 1992, and July 2, 1992.

68. Rushkoff, Cyberia, pp. 21, 37, 59.

69. Sigmund Freud, Toten^ and Taboo (New York: W. W. Norton, 1950), p. 87.

70. Rushkoff, Cyberia, p. 7.

71. All quotes this paragraph, ibid., pp. 13, 48, 61, 67, 77.

72. Ibid., p. 23.

73. Ibid., p. 5.

74. Manuel De Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (New^ York: Zone

Books, 1991), p. 15.

75. Ibid., p. 7.

76. Ibid., p. 121.

77. Ibid.

78. Tom Wolfe, Acid Test, p. 147.

79. Quoted in Rushkoff, Cyberia, p. 7.

80. ''Playboy Interview: Marshall McLuhan," p. 72.

81. Teilhard de Chardin, quoted in Stephen Toulmin, The Return to Cosmology:

Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 124.

82. ''Playboy Interview: Marshall McLuhan," pp. 72, 158.

83. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Future of Man, trans. Norman Denny (New

York: Harper & Row, 1969), pp. 275-76.

84. Paul Keegan, "The Digerati!" New York Times Magazine, May 21, 1995, p. 42.

85. Ibid., pp. 42, 88.

86. Ibid.

87. Gary Wolf, "Don't Get Wasted, Get Smart," Rolling Stone, September 5,1991,

p. 60.

88. Craig Bromberg, "In Defense of Hackers," New York Times Magazine, April 21,

1991, p. 47.

89. Hugh Ruppersberg, "The Alien Messiah," in Alien Zone: Cultural Theory and

Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema, ed. Annette Kuhn (New York: Verso, 1990), p. 35.

90. RushkoflF, CK^er/a, p. 61.

91. Ibid., p. 147.

92. All quotes this paragraph, ibid., pp. 19, 172, 189, 214.

93. Walter Kirn, "Cyberjunk," yl/irdM/a, June 1993, p. 24.

94. Ibid.

95. Quoted in Joe Haldeman, Star Trek: World without End (New York: Bantam,

1979), epigraph on opening page.

96. Quoted in Margot Adler, Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-

Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, rev. ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), p. 368.

97. Because of their common relationship to science and technology, I have

fuzzed the distinction between neopaganism and the New Age throughout this section. It should be pointed out, however, that while they share a reverence for the Earth and the spiritual beliefs of indigenous peoples or archaic civilizations, neopagans and New Agers see themselves as polar opposites, representing the earthy and the airy, the chthonic and the celestial, respectively.

98. Erik Davis, "Technopagans: May the Astral Plane Be Reborn in Cyberspace,"

Wired, July 1995, p. 128.

99. Julian Dibbell, "Cool Technology: Toys for the Mind," Spin, May 1991, p. 50.

100. Ibid.

101. Lurker Below (ashton), topic 316, "Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth," in the

well's spirituality conference, December 20, 1992.

102. Neil Strauss, "Tripping the Light Ecstatic: Psychic TV & the Acid House

Experience," Option, no. 25 (March/April 1989), p. 84.

103. Ambient Temple of Imagination, Mystery School (Silent Records, 1994).

104. Quoted in Matthew F Riley, "Clock DVA: Energy Tending to Change,"

Technology Works, unnumbered, unpaginated issue.

105. Ibid.

106. Edward Rothstein, "A New Art Form May Arise from the 'Myst,' " New York

Times, December 4, 1994, sect. 2, p. 1.

107. Erik Davis, "Into the Myst: The Miller Brothers' Virtual Tale," Village Voice,

August 23, 1994, p. 45.

108. Ibid., p. 46.

109. Spinrad, Science Fiction, p. 111.

110. William Gibson, Mona Lisa Overdrive (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1988), p. 215.

111. William Gibson, Count Zero (New York: Ace Books, 1986), pp. 118-19.

112. Erik Davis, "Techgnosis: Magic, Memory, and the Angels of Information," in

Flame Wars,'' p. 586.

113. Ibid.

114. Maxwell X. Delysid, E-mail to the author, December 2, 1992.

115. Charles B. Kramer, "Nazis in Cyberspace!" BBS Callers Digest, August 1992,

p. 28.

116. Ken Kelley, "The Interview: Whole Earthling and Software Savant Stewart

Brand," SF Focus, February 1985, p. 78.

117. Teilhard de Chardin, quoted in R. C. Zaehner, "Teilhard de Chardin" in Man,

Myth Sijdagic, vol. 10, ed. Richard Cavendish (Freeport, Long Island, N.Y: Marshall Cavendish, 1983), p. 2811.

118. ToolsJor Exploration vol. 4, no. 1 (winter/spring 1994-95), p. 55.

119. Tools Jor Exploration vol. 4, no. 2 (1993 supplement), p. 16.

120. Tools Jor Exploration vol. 4, no. 1, p. A-3.

121. Michael Hutchinson, Mega Brain Power: Tranjorm Your Lije with Mind Ma-

chines and Brain Nutrients (New York: Hyperion, 1994), p. 431.

122. Tony Lane, echo area 30, "Cybermage," on BaphoNet, August 7, 1991.

123. Rossell Hope Robbins, The Encyclopedia of Witchcrajt SLDemonology (New

York: Bonanza Books, 1981), p. 190.

124. John Markoff, "The Fourth Law of Robotics," Educom Review 29, no. 2

(March/Aprill994), p. 45.

125. Aga Windwalker, "Cybermage," August 9, 1992.

126. Maxwell X. Delysid, E-mail to the author, December 2, 1992.

127. Charles Neal, Tape Delay (Harrow, England: SAF Ltd., 1987), p. 32.

128. Constance Penley, introduction to Close Encounters: Film, Feminism, and

Science Fiction, ed. Constance Penley, Elisabeth Lyon, Lynn Spigel, and Janet Bergstrom (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), p. x.

129. Andrew Ross, Strange Weather: Culture, Science and Technology in the Age of

Limits (New York: Verso, 1991), p. 30.

130. Godfrey Harold Hardy, "A Mathematician's Apology," in The World Treasury of

Physics, Astronomy, and Mathematics, ed. Timothy Ferris (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991), p. 439.

131. Rudy Rucker, Mind Tools: The Five Levels of Mathematical Reality (Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 1987), p. 223.

132. John L. Casti, Searching Jor Certainty: What Scientists Can Know about the

Future (New York: William Morrow, 1990), p. 404.

133. Bruce Sterling, "Cyber-Superstition," Science Fiction Eye, no. 8 (winter 1991),

p. 11.

134. Gary Chapman, "Taming the Computer," in Flame Wars, pp. 830-31, 837.

135. Joseph Campbell with Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York: Doubleday,

1988), p. 19.

136. Ibid., p. 18.

137. Christopher Evans, The Micro Millennium (New York: Washington Square

Press, 1979). p. 233.

138. Ibid., p. 262.

139. Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine (New York: Avon Books, 1981), p. 98.

140. "Is Computer Hacking a Crime?" in The Harper's Forum Book: What

Are We Talking About, ed. Jack Hitt (New York: Citadel Press, 1991), pp. 256-57.

141. Julian Dibbell, "A Rape in Cyberspace," Village Voice, December 21, 1993,

p. 42.

142. Farrell McGovern, "Cybermage," Village Voice, February 13, 1993.

143. Dibbell, "A Rape in Cyberspace," p. 42.

144. Campbell with Moyer, The Power of Myth, p. 214.

145. Barbara Presley Noble, "At Work: Labor-Management Rorschach Test," New

York Times, June 5, 1994, p. 21.

146. Stuart Ewen, "Pragmatism's Postmodern Poltergeist," New Perspectives Quar-

terly 9, no. 2 (spring 1992), p. 47.

147. Robert B. Reich, "The Fracturing of the Middle Class," New York Times,

August 31, 1994, sect. A, p. 19.

148. Dibbell, "A Rape In Cyberspace," p. 37.

149. Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (New York:

Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), p. 71.

150. William Mook (mook), topic 30, "Techgnosis: Computers as Magic," in the

well's Fringeware conference, January 15, 1994.

151. K. Eric Drexler, Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (New

York: Anchor Books, 1986), p. 63.

152. Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (New York: William

Morrow, 1974), p. 16.

153. Campbell with Moyer, The Power of Myth, pp. 19-20.

Chapter 2

1. This chapter is a distant descendant of my cover story "Cyberpunk: Riding

the Shockwave with the Toxic Underground" {Keyboard, May 1989, pps. 75-89) and my feature "Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Cybers: Brain-Bruising Soundtracks for Life in Robotopia" {Keyboard, January 1992, pp. 69-83).

2. Katie Hafner and John Markoff, Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the

Computer Frontier (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 9.

3. Lewis Shiner, "Inside the Movement: Past, Present, and Future," in Fiction

2000: Cyberpunk and the Future of Narrative, ed. George Slusser and Tom Shippey (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1992), p. 19.

4. Lewis Shiner, "Confessions of an Ex-Cyberpunk," New York Times, January 7,

1991, p. A17.

5. Ibid.

6. Keyboard, February 1994, p. 3.

7. Ibid., p. 90.

8. Michael Marans, "The Next Big Thing," Keyboard, February 1994, p. 108.

9. Tod Machover, "Hyperinstruments: A Composer's Approach to the Evolution of

Intelligent Musical Instruments," in CyberArts: Exploring Art &^Technology ed. Linda Jacobson (San Francisco: Miller Freeman, 1992), pp. 73-74.

10. Ibid., p. 75.

11. Louis M. Brill, "Mark Trayle: Making Space for Music," Keyboard, October 1992,

p. 39. Trayle's CD, Etudes and Bagatelles (Artifact) is available from 1374 Francisco Street, Berkeley, Calif 94702. E-mail: [email protected].

12. Erik Davis, "Wireheads and Cybergunk," Village Voice, August 8, 1989, p. 72.

13. Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at M.l.T (New York:

Penguin, 1988), pp. 108-9.

14. Quoted in a record company biography accompanying the release of Hack.

1 5. Richard Kadrey and Larry McCaffery, "Cyberpunk 101: A Schematic Guide to Storming the Reality Studio,'' in Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Fiction, ed. Larry McCaffery (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), p. 28.

16. Joe Gore, "Sonic Youth," Guitar Player, February 1989, p. 29.

17. Jon Savage, introduction to Re/Search 6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook, ed. Vale

(San Francisco: Re/Search, 1983), p. 5.

18. Ibid., p. 10.

19. Front Line Assembly, Tactical Neural Implant (Third Mind Records, 1992).

Notes 333

20. William Gibson, "Burning Chrome," in Burning Chrome (New York: Ace,

1987), p. 182.

21. Mark Dery, " 'We Are the Reality of This Cyberpunk Fantasy': Glenn Branca

and Elliott Sharp in Conversation with Mark Dery," Mondo 2000, no. 5 (1992), pp. 70-72, This reedited excerpt differs slightly from the published version.

22. John Shirley, Transmaniacon (New York: Zebra Books, 1979), p. 13.

23. William Gibson, "The Winter Market," in Burning Chrome (New York: Ace,

1987), p. 118.

24. William Gibson, "Cyberspace '90," Computer world, October 15,1990, pp. 107-8.

25. Elliott Sharp, liner notes to Elliott Sharp/Orchestra Carbon, Abstract Kepres-

sionism 1990-99 (Victo, 1992).

26. All quotes this paragraph: Robert R. Conroy, "For the Airwaves," Rockpool,

November 15, 1989, page number not available; Gareth Branwyn, "Industrial Introspection: An Interview with Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails," Mondo 2000, no. 5, p. 62; Robert L. Doerschuk, "Nine Inch Nails: Trent Reznor Hits College Radio on the Head with a Tough, Sharp Solo Album," Keyboard, April 1990, p. 42.

27. Kimberly Carrino, "Nine Inch Nails: Gettin' Down in It with Trent Reznor,"

Buzz 6, no. 49 (December 1989), page number not available; Branwyn, "Industrial Introspection," p. 64.

28. The Downward Spiral (Nothing / TVT / Interscope, 1994).

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Pretty Hate Machine (TVT, 1989).

32. Undated "Happiness in Slavery" press release from Formula Artist Develop-

ment & Public Relations. "Happiness" is currently available only as a bootleg video, circulated among fans, but it may be included in an upcoming NIN video compilation.

33. BroJ^en (TVT/Interscope, 1992).

34. Ibid.

35. Georges Bataille, Erotism: Death and Sensuality (San Francisco: City Lights,

1986), p. 90.

36. Moon Unit Zappa, "Trent Reznor: The Voice of Reason," Raygun, June/luly

1994, unpaginated.

37. Samuel Butler, Erewhon (Penguin: New York, 1985), p. 206.