Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (153 page)

35
. James Hudson, ed.,
Supplement to the Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, 1987), 229; Max Farrand, ed.,
Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, 1911, 1937), 1: 246.

36
. Richard H. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802
(New York, 1975), 76, 88.

37
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 171.

38
. Marcus Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775–1865
(Boston, 1968), 183.

39
. Jon Latimer,
1812: War with America
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 195.

40
. Andrew R. L. Cayton,
The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825
(Kent, OH, 1986), 23; TJ to JM, 20 June 1787,
Papers of Jefferson
, 11: 481.

41
. AH to Arthur St. Clair, 19 May 1790,
Papers of Hamilton
, 6: 421.

42
. GW to Duane, 7 Sept. 1783, in Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of Washington
, 27: 140.

43
. Eric Hinderaker,
Elusive Empires: Construction Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673–1800
(Cambridge, UK, 1997), 193, 194;
National Gazette
, I (November 1791), in Eugene L. Schwaab, ed.,
Travels in the Old South
(Lexington, KY, 1973), 1: 58.

44
. Reginald Horsman,
The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815
(Albuquerque, 1975), 5–6.

45
. John Stilgoe,
Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845
(New Haven, 1982), 102–3.

46
. GW to James Duane, 7 Sept. 1783,
Washington: Writings
, 536–38.

47
. Cayton,
Frontier Republic
, 23; Kenneth R. Bowling,
The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital
(Fairfax, VA, 1991), 11.

48
. Tamara Platkins Thornton,
Cultivating Gentlemen: The Meaning of Country Life Among the Boston Elite, 1785–1860
(New Haven, 1989), 15–56.

49
. H. E. Scudder, ed.,
Recollections of Samuel Breck
(Philadelphia, 1877), 203;
Diary of Maclay
, 48, 73–74, 134.

50
. Alan Taylor,
William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic
(New York, 1995), 101.

51
. Alan Taylor, “Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier,” in David Thomas Konig, ed.,
Devising Liberty: Preserving and Creating Freedom in the New American Republic
(Stanford, 1995), 89.

52
. Timothy J. Shannon, “‘This Unpleasant Business’: The Transformation of Land Speculation in the Ohio Country, 1787–1820,” in Jeffery P. Brown and Andrew R. L. Cayton, eds.,
The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787–1861
(Kent, OH, 1994), 23; Horsman,
Frontier in the Formative Years
, 42.

53
. Richard White,
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
(Cambridge, UK, 1991), 419; Robert Kagen,
Dangerous Nation
(New York, 2006), 74.

54
. Cayton,
Frontier Republic
, 25.

55
. Hinderaker,
Elusive Empires
, 231; Peter S. Onuf,
Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance
(Bloomington, IN, 1987), 58–66.

56
. Estimates of Indian populations are notoriously difficult. In 1789 Secretary of War Knox estimated there were 19,000 Indian warriors in the West, 14,000 of them south and 5,000 north of the Ohio. He estimated that there were three women, children, and older persons for every warrior, thus a total of 76,000. His estimate of non-warriors may be too low. Knox to GW, 15 June 1789,
Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser
., 2: 494.

57
. Peter Wood, “From Atlantic History to a Continental Approach,” in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, eds.,
Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal
(New York, 2009), 422.

58
. Alan Taylor,
The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution
(New York, 2006).

59
. See Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 92.

60
. Taylor, “Land and Liberty on the Post-Revolutionary Frontier,” in Konig, ed.,
Devising Liberty
, 81–108; Theda Perdue, “Native Women in the Early Republic: Old World Perceptions, New World Realities,” and Daniel H. Unser Jr., “Iroquois Livelihood and Jeffersonian Agrarianism: Reaching Behind the Models and Metaphors,” in Frederick E. Hoxie et al., eds.,
Native Americans and the Early Republic
(Charlottesville, 1999), 103–22, 200–225; Lucy Eldersveld Murphy, “To Live Among Us: Accommodation, Gender, and Conflict in the Western Great Lakes Region, 1760–1832,” in Andrew R. L. Cayton and Fredrika J. Teute, eds.,
Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Valley to the Mississippi, 1750–1830
(Chapel Hill, 1998), 270–303.

61
. Perdue, “Native Women in the Early Republic,” in Hoxie et al., eds.,
Native Americans and the Early Republic
, 115–19.

62
. White,
Middle Ground
, 408.

63
. Bernard W. Sheehan, “The Indian Problem in the Northwest: From Conquest to Philanthropy,” in Hoffman and Albert, eds.,
Launching the ‘Extended Republic
,’ 191.

64
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 94.

65
. Knox to GW, 15 June 1789,
Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser
., 2: 491.

66
. Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789,
Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser
., 3: 134–41.

67
. Knox to Washington, 7 July 1789,
Papers of Washington: Presidential Ser
., 3: 134–41.

68
. Knox to the Northwestern Indians, 4 Apr. 1792, in Reginald Horsman, “The Indian Policy of an ‘Empire for Liberty,’” in Hoxie et al., eds.,
Native Americans and the Early Republic
, 45–46; Taylor,
Divided Ground
, 278, 240.

69
. Washington to the U.S. Senate, 4 Aug. 1790, Proclamation, 14 Aug. 1790,
Papers of Washington, Presidential Ser
., 6: 188–96, 248–54; Joseph J. Ellis,
American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic
(New York, 2007), 149–56.

70
. Andrew R. L. Cayton, “‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour’: Power and Civility in the Treaty of Greenville,” in Cayton and Teute, eds.,
Contact Points
, 254–55; Taylor,
Divided Ground
, 259.

71
. Horsman,
Frontier in the Formative Years
, 45.

72
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 125

73
. Cayton, “‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State,” 156.

74
. R. Douglas Hurt,
The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830
(Bloomington, IN, 1996), 139; Richard White, “The Fictions of Patriarchy: Indians and Whites in the Early Republic,” in Hoxie et al., eds.,
Native Americans and the Early Republic
, 82–83; Cayton, “‘Noble Actors’ upon ‘the Theatre of Honour,’” in Cayton and Teute, eds.,
Contact Points
, 255–69.

75
. Cayton, “‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State,” 53–54; Hinderaker,
Elusive Empires
, 244.

76
. Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars
(New York, 2001), 33; Cayton, “‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State,” 61–65.

77
. Cayton, “‘Separate Interests’ and the Nation-State,” 53.

78
. Terry Bouton, “A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania,”
JAH
, 87 (2000), 855–87; Terry Bouton,
Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
(New York, 2007); Alan Taylor,
Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760–1820
(Chapel Hill, 1990).

79
. Thomas P. Slaughter,
The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution
(New York, 1986), 98. See also William Hogeland,
The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America’s Newfound Sovereignty
(New York, 2006).

80
. Leland D. Baldwin,
Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising
(Pittsburgh, 1939), 68.

81
. Slaughter,
Whiskey Rebellion
, 133–34, 135.

82
. Mary K. B. Tachau,
Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky, 1789–1816
(Princeton, 1978), 70–71.

83
. Slaughter,
Whiskey Rebellion
, 121.

84
. Slaughter,
Whiskey Rebellion
, 177; AH to GW, 5 Aug 1794,
Papers of Hamilton
, 17: 52.

85
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 159.

86
. John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era, 1789–1801
(New York, 1960), 158; GW, Sixth Annual Address to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794, in Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of Washington
, 34: 28–30.

87
. Miller,
Federalist Era
, 159; TJ to James Monroe, 26 May 1795,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 359.

88
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword
, 170; AH to Angelica Church, 23 Oct. 1794,
Papers of Hamilton
, 17: 340.

89
. JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 405–7; Baldwin,
Whiskey Rebellion
, 112.

90
. GW, Sixth Annual Message to Congress, 19 Nov. 1794,
Washington: Writings
, 893, 888.

1
. Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States
, 1780–1840 (Berkeley, 1969).

2
. Stuart Leibiger,
Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic
(Charlottesville, 1999).

3
. JM to AH, 19 Nov. 1789,
Papers of Hamilton
, 5: 525–26.

4
. Kenneth R. Bowling,
The Creation of Washington, D.C.: The Idea and Location of the American Capital
(Fairfax, VA, 1991), 143.

5
. Bowling,
Creation of Washington, D.C
., 8.

6
. George Mason to TJ, 10 Jan 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 18: 484; Bowling,
Creation of Washington, D.C
., 206.

7
. James Roger Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis
(New Haven, 1993), 37.

8
.
The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates
, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 347.

9
. AH, “Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank,” 23Feb. 1791,
Papers of Hamilton
, 7: 98.

10
. Virginia Resolutions on the Assumption of State Debts, 16 Dec. 1790, Henry Steele Commager, ed.,
Documents in American History
, 4th ed. (New York, 1948), 155–56; Harry Ammon, “The Formation of the Republican Party in Virginia, 1798–1796,”
Journal of Southern History
, 19 (1953), 292.

11
. AH to John Jay, 13 Nov. 1790,
Papers of Hamilton
, 7: 149.

12
. Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 234; JM to TJ, 1 May 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 337.

13
. TJ to Jonathan B. Smith, 26 Apr. 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 290. On the entire imbroglio over the unauthorized publication of Jefferson’s note, see Julian Boyd’s editorial discussion, “Rights of Man: The Contest of Burke and Paine . . . in America,”
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 268–90.

14
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with AH, 13 Aug. 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 22: 38–39. On the Hudson Valley trip, see Boyd’s editorial note, “The Northern Journey of Jefferson and Madison,”
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 434–53.

15
. Adrienne Koch,
Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration
(New York, 1964).