Empire (85 page)

472

N O T E S T O P A G E S 3 9 9 – 4 0 5

3. On the military powers ofEmpire, see Manuel De Landa,
War in the Age
of Intelligent Machines
(New York: Zone, 1991).

4. On the constitution oftime, see Antonio Negri,
La costituzione del tempo
(Rome: Castelvecchi, 1997); and Michael Hardt, ‘‘Prison Time,’’
Genet:

In the Language of the Enemy, Yale French Studies,
no. 91 (1997), 64–79.

See also Eric Alliez,
Capital Times,
trans. Georges Van Den Abeel (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 1996).

5. See Ju¨rgen Habermas,
Theory of Communicative Action,
trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984). Andre´ Gorz similarly recognizes

only a fraction of the proletariat as relating to the new communicative

lines ofproduction in
Farewell to the Working Class,
trans. Michael Sonenscher (Boston: South End Press, 1982).

6. Here we are following the intriguing etymology that Barbara Cassin gives for the term ‘‘philosophy.’’

7. On the constitutive notion ofthe encounter, see Louis Althuser’s late

works written after his confinement in the 1980s, in particular ‘‘Le courant souterrain du mateŕialisme de la rencontre,’’ in
E

ćrits philosophiques et

politiques,
vol. 1 (Paris: STOCK/IMEC, 1994), pp. 539–579.

I N D E X

administration: modern, 88–89, 99;

364–365; command over, 60, 314,

imperial, 339–343

344–346, 392

affect.
See
labor, affective

black nationalism, 107–109

Agamben, Giorgio, 366

Bodin, Jean, 84, 97–99

Ahmed, Akbar, 149

Bovillus, 72

AIDS pandemic, 136

Braudel, Fernand, 225, 236

Althusser, Louis, 63–64, 91

Bretton Woods accords, 244, 264–266

American Revolution, 160–164, 381

Bruno, Giordano, 77

Amin, Samir, 76–77, 334

Burke, Edmund, 104–105

anarchists, 350

Bush, George, 180

Anderson, Benedict, 95, 107

Caliban, 81–82

anthropology, 125–126, 187

Castells, Manuel, and Yuko Aoyama,

antihumanism, 91–92

286

apartheid, 125, 190–191, 194

Ceĺine, Louis-Ferdinand, 134–136

Appadurai, Arjun, 151

Ceśaire, Aime´, 117, 130

Appiah, Anthony, 138

Chaplin, Charlie, 159

architecture, 188, 190, 337

Chatterjee, Partha, 133–134

Arendt, Hannah, 163–164, 381, 387

Chiapas uprising, 54–56

Aristotle, 201, 356, 401

Christianity, 21, 36, 373

Arrighi, Giovanni, 238–239

citizenship, global, 361, 400, 403

asystemic movements, 60

civil society, 25, 328–329; global, 7,

Auerbach, Erich, 46

311

Augustine ofHippo, 207, 390, 393

Coetzee, J. M., 203–204

autonomists, 214

cold war, 178–182

autonomy ofthe political, 307

colonialism, 70, 76–77, 114–129,

axiomatic ofcapital, 326–327

199–200, 305–306; struggles against,

Bacon, Francis, 72

42–43, 106, 130–134; and the

Balibar, E

´ tienne, 192

United States, 170–171.
See also

Bandung Conference, 107, 250

decolonization

barbarians, 213–218

communication, 29, 32–35, 395, 404;

Bauer, Otto, 111

among struggles, 54–59; in

being-against, 210–214, 361

production, 289–298, 364–365

Benjamin, Walter, 215, 377

communications industries, 33, 346–347

Bhabha, Homi, 143–145

communism, 63, 237, 294, 350, 413

biopower, 23–27, 89, 389, 405–406; as

community, 45, 145, 358; and the

agent ofproduction, 29, 30, 32,

nation, 95, 97, 106–108, 113

474

I N D E X

Conrad, Joseph, 135

Dirlik, Arif, 86, 138

constituent power, 47, 59, 63,

disciplinary government, 242–243,

184–185, 358, 406, 410; in the U.S.

247–248, 250–254

Constitution, 162, 165

disciplinary society, 22–24, 88–89,

cooperation, 294–296, 366–367,

329–332

395–396, 401–402, 410–411;

discipline, 97, 158–159, 453n7; refusal

abstract, 296

of, 260–262, 273–279

corporate culture, 153

dispositif,
23, 63, 329–330

corporations, transnational, 31, 304–309

Duns Scotus, 71

corruption, 20–21, 201–203, 389–392;

Dutch East India Company, 305

cycle of, 163, 166

courts, international and supra-

East India Company, 305–306

national, 38

Empire, definition ofconcept, xiv–xv

Cowhey, Peter, 298

English Revolution, 162

crisis, 385–387; ofinstitutions,

Eurocentrism, 70, 76–77, 86, 120

196–197; ofEurope, 374–380.
See

event, 26, 28, 41, 49, 61, 411.
See also

also
modernity, as crisis

singularity

cyberpunk, 216

exception, state of, 16–17, 26, 39

cycles ofstruggles, 50–52, 54, 261

exodus, 76, 212–214, 364, 367;

anthropological, 215–217

Dante Alighieri, 71, 73

expansive tendency: ofEmpire,

Davis, Mike, 337

166–169; ofcapital, 222–228

Debord, Guy, 188–189, 321–323

exploitation, 43, 53, 208–210, 385

decentralization ofproduction,

245–246, 294–297

Falk, Richard, 36

Declaration ofIndepencence, 165, 169,

family, 148, 197

171

Fanon, Franz, 124–125, 129, 131–132

decline and fall of Empire, 20–21,

fear, 323, 339, 388

371–374

Federalist,
161

decolonization, 245–246

feminist movements, 274

deconstruction, 47–48

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 105

Deleuze, Gilles, and Feĺix Guattari, 25,

Fordism, 240, 242, 247–248, 256, 409;

28, 193–194, 206–207, 210, 302,

decline of, 267–268; versus Toyota

326

model, 289–290

delinking, 206, 283–284

Foucault, Michel, 13, 22–25, 28,

Descartes, Rene´, 79–80, 390

88–89, 327–330; and humanism,

desertion, 212–214

91–92; on the Enlightenment,

De Sica, Vittorio, 158

183–184

deterritorialization, xii, 45, 52, 61, 124;

Francis ofAssisi, 413

ofproduction, 294–297; operated by

Frankfurt School, 25, 143

capital, 206, 326, 346–347.
See also

French Revolution, 101–102, 104, 113,

lines offlight

117–118, 381

development theories, 282–284.
See also

Fukuyama, Francis, 189

underdevelopment theories

fundamentalism, 146–150, 312, 399

diagram, 329–330

dialectics, 51–52, 187–188; ofidentity,

Galileo Galilei, 72–73

103, 115, 127–132; critique of, 140,

Gates, Bill, 296

144–145, 359, 378–379

general intellect, 29, 364

I N D E X

475

general will, 85, 88, 96

United States, 172, 177–179; Marxist

Genet, Jean, 109

critiques of, 221–234, 270–272, 332

Gibbon, Edward, 20–21, 371–372

industrial reserve army, 447n7

Gilroy, Paul, 128

Industrial Workers ofthe World,

Gingrich, Newt, 348

207–208, 214, 412

globalization, 3, 8–9, 32, 55, 136, 348,

information infrastructure, 298–300

362; from below, xv, 43–45, 52, 59

internationalism, 45–46, 49–50, 145

governmentality, 88, 327–328

international relations, as academic

Gramsci, Antonio, 233, 383

discipline, 141–142

guaranteed income, 403

Internet, 299

Guilbaut, Serge, 382–383

intervention and sovereignty, 18, 35–38

Intifada, 54–56.
See also
Palestinians

Italian economy, 288–289

Habermas, Ju¨rgen, 33–34, 404

Haitian revolution, 123, 128.
See also

Jackson, Andrew, 168–169

L’Ouverture, Toussaint

Jameson, Fredric, 154, 187, 272, 323

Harraway, Donna, 91, 218

Jefferson, Thomas, 168–169, 182, 381

Harvey, David, 154

justice, 18–19, 82, 356

Hegel, G. W. F., 42, 129, 328, 340,

just war, 12, 36–37

375; on modern sovereignty, 81–84,

86–88, 90

Kant, Immanuel, 80–81, 183

Heidegger, Martin, 378

Kautsky, Karl, 229–231

Herder, J. G., 100–101

Kelsen, Hans, 5–6, 8, 15

Hilferding, Rudolf, 226, 229–230

Keynes, John Maynard, 243

historia rerum gestarum.
See
res gestae

Keynesianism, 242

historicism, 99–100

history: end of, 64, 189, 367–368;

La Boe´tie, E´tienne de, 204

suspension of, 11

labor, 358; immaterial, 29, 53,

history, as academic discipline, 126

290–294; abstract, 292; affective,

Hobbes, Thomas, 7–8, 83–85, 87, 323,

292–293, 364–365

388; on the people, 102–103

Las Casas, Bartolome´ de, 116

Hobson, John, 232

League ofNations, 175

homohomo,
72, 81, 204, 216

legitimation, 33–35, 38, 41, 89–90

homo tantum,
203–204

Lenin, V. I., 229–234

humanism, 77–78, 91–92, 285.
See also

Levy, Pierre, 289

Renaissance humanism

liberal politics, 188–189

human rights, 107, 313

Lincoln, Abraham, 172

hybridity, 142–146, 216; management

lines offlight, 48, 123–124

of, 172; and constitution, 316–319

local versus global, 44–46, 362

Locke, John, 7–8

ideology, 404

Los Angeles rebellion, 54–56

immanence, 64, 77, 91–92, 157, 377,

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 116–118

402; discovery of, 70–74; of modern

love, 78, 186, 413

power, 82; ofimperial power, 161,

Lubiano, Wahneema, 108

164, 373–374; ofcapital, 326–329

Luhmann, Niklas, 13, 15

imperialism, 31, 265, 332; in contrast to

Luxemburg, Rosa: on nationalism,

Empire, xii–xiii, 9, 166–167, 374;

96–97; critique ofimperialism, 224,

struggles against, 42–43, 58; and the

228, 233–234, 270, 333

476

I N D E X

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 63–65, 90, 156,

79, 82, 87, 97; in contrast to the

234, 308, 388; on ancient Rome, 15,

people, 103, 113, 194–195, 316, 344;

162–163, 166, 372–374; on

powers of, 209–218, 357–363;

constituent power, 184–185

imperial corruption of, 391–392;

Machiavellianism, 162–163

rights of, 396–407

mafia, 37, 342

Musil, Robert, 69–70, 284–285, 289

Malcolm X, 107–108, 132

naked life, 204, 366

management and organization theory,

nation, modern concept of, 93–105

152–153

nationalism, struggles against, 42–43.

manifesto, 63–66

See also
black nationalism; subaltern

market, 86.
See also
world market

nationalism

marketing, 151–152

nationalist socialism, 111–113

Marsilius ofPadua, 73

national liberation struggles.
See

Marx, Karl, 43, 57, 62, 185, 206,

colonialism, struggles against

349–350, 363, 367; on British

nation-state, xi–xii, 43, 109–110, 236,

colonialism, 118–120; on the United

335–336

States, 168–169; on capitalist

nation-states, system of, 40, 310–311

expansion, 221–224; the missing

Native Americans, 169–171

volumes of
Capital,
234–237; on

natural right theories, 99

capitalist crisis, 261, 266–267; theory

ne´gritude, 130–131

ofvalue, 355.
See also
general

network power, 161–163

intellect; subsumption, formal and

network production, 294–297

real;
Vogelfrei

New Deal, 51, 176, 180, 381; on global

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels,

level, 241–244, 265

63–65, 226, 304

New Left, 179

mass intellectuality, 29, 410

new social movements, 275

measure ofvalue, 86, 354–359, 392

Nicholas ofCusa, 71–72

media, the, 311–312, 322–323

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 90, 213, 359, 375, 378

Melville, Herman, 203–204

Nixon, Richard, 266

militant, the, 411–413

nomadism, 76, 212–214, 362–364

miscegenation, 362–364

non-governmental organizations

mobility ofpopulations, 213, 253, 275,

(NGOs), 35–37, 312–314

344: and suffering, 154–155; right to,

non-place ofpower, 188, 190, 203,

396–400

210, 319, 353, 384; and construction

modernity, 46–47, 69–74; as crisis,

ofa new place, 216–217, 357

74–78, 90, 109; postmodernist

non-work, 273

critique of, 140–143, 155

nuclear weapons, 345–347

modernization, 249–251, 280–281,

284–286

omni-crisis, 189, 197, 201

money, 346–347

ontology, 47–48, 62, 206, 354–364;

Monroe Doctrine, 177–178

absence of, 202, 391

Montesquieu, 20–21, 371–372

outside versus inside, 45, 183–190,

More, Thomas, 73

353–354, 444n5; ofcapitalist

Morris, William, 50

development, 221–228, 233–234,

Moulier Boutang, Yann, 123–124

257–258

multitude, 60–66, 73–74, 90, 161, 164,

overproduction and underconsumption,