Edward II: The Unconventional King (53 page)

6
. K. B. McFarlane,
The Nobility of Later Medieval England
, 265.

7
. For more information on Gaveston’s family, see Hamilton,
Gaveston,
19–28.

8
. On 29 July 1304, Edward I granted Gaveston the wardship of Roger Mortimer (
CPR 1301–7
, 244), meaning Gaveston was at least twenty-one then; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 21.

9
. TNA SC/8/291/14546;
CDS 1272–1307
, 368; Johnstone, 89.

10
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 30.

11
.
Baker
, 4.

12
.
CCR 1302–7
, 277 note 44, and 295 note 45;
Foedera 1272–1307
, 1010.

13
.
Scalacronica
, 33.

14
.
AP
, 255.

15
.
Lanercost
, 184;
AP
, 259, 273;
Vita
, 7, 17, 28, 104;
Polistoire,
folio 232r, cited in Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 11;
AL
, 157.
Vita
, 28, and
AP
, 263, for the quotations.

16
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 6–22.

17
.
Vita
, 15.

18
. Cited in Johnstone, 42.

19
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 56, 67, 123.

20
.
Brut
, 216–7.

21
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 27.

22
. F. D. Blackley, ‘Bastard Son of Edward II’, 76; Chris Given-Wilson and Alice Curteis,
Royal Bastards of Medieval England
, 8, 136; Phillips, 102.

23
. Amie was a damsel of Edward II’s daughter-in-law Philippa of Hainault.

24
. ‘Secular Musicians’, 57;
Register
, 226.

25
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 40.

26
. Alison Weir,
Isabella
, 15.

27
. As suggested in Doherty,
Death
, 42–3.

28
.
Guisborough
, 383,
AP
, 257,
Lanercost
, 184–5; Beardwood,
Records of the Trial
, 1–2.

29
. Morris,
Terrible King
, 349–50.

30
. Jeffrey Denton,
Robert Winchelsey and the Crown
, 245–6.

31
.
Foedera
, 11–12, 14, 17, 22, 25;
CPR 1307–13
, 13;
CCR 1307–13
, 7–9, 16–17.

32
. From the early thirteenth century, the vast territory in France ruled by the English kings dwindled considerably, until only Gascony remained. However, although the kings of England no longer held the entire duchy, they continued to be called ‘duke of Aquitaine’. Following contemporary practice, I refer to Edward II by his correct title, but use the word ‘Gascony’ in all other contexts.

33
. H. M. Colvin,
History of the King’s Works
, 2, 179–80;
Register
, 31.

34
.
Foedera
, 8; Mary Saaler,
Edward II 1307–1327
, 38. Oljeitu or Öljaitü, also known as Muhammad Khodabandeh, was the great-great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan.

35
. Prestwich,
Edward I
, 557.

36
.
Issues
, 122–3; Phillips, 131 note 45.

37
.
Vita
, 3.

38
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 31–2.

39
.
CCR 1307–1313
, 10.

40
. The Gilbert de Clare who lived in Edward’s household before his accession was not Gloucester, as often stated, but his cousin of the same name, who was lord of Thomond.

41
.
Issues
, 119–20; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 38, 140.

42
.
Register
, 119; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 38, 140.

43
.
Issues
, 119.

44
. Malcolm Barber,
The Trial of the Templars
, 85.

45
.
Foedera
, 10, 16, 19, 24.

46
. Barber,
Trial of the Templars
, 219; TNA SC 7/10/40.

47
.
Foedera
, 23;
CCR 1307–13
, 48–9.

48
.
CCR 1307–13
, 14.

49
.
CCR 1307–13
, 90.

50
. Evelyn Lord,
The Knights Templar in Britain
, 261.

51
.
CPR 1307–13
, 21, 448.

52
.
Foedera
, 17–18.

53
.
Itinerary
, 26;
CPR 1307–13
, 13–26;
CCR 1307–13
, 9–13.

54
.
Trokelowe
, 65;
AP
, 258–9.

55
.
Vita
, 2.

56
.
Vita
, 14–15.

57
.
Murimuth
, 11.

58
.
Gesta
, 33;
AP
, 259.

59
.
AP
, 258;
Itinerary
, 26–7;
CPR 1307–13
, 29, 31;
CCR
1307–13
, 16;
Foedera
, 24–5; Jochen Burgtorf, ‘With my Life’, 37.

60
.
Foedera
, 24;
CPR 1307–13
, 31.

61
.
Vita
, 3.

62
.
AP
, 260; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 45–46; Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 34–42.

63
.
CCR 1307–13
, 7–9, 16–17;
CPR 1307–13
, 13, 16.

3 Exile and Intrigue

1
.
Itinerary
, 27. Edward had arranged to meet Philip on Sunday 21 January;
Foedera
, 25. There is no evidence that ‘engrossed with Gaveston’, he deliberately arrived late to insult the French, as suggested in Doherty,
Death
, 43.

2
. Weir,
Isabella
,
8–9; Paul Doherty, ‘Date of Birth of Isabella’, 246–8.

3
. Blanche, a niece of Louis IX of France, married firstly Enrique I of Navarre and secondly Edmund of Lancaster, younger brother of Edward I.

4
. Weir,
Isabella
, 27.

5
. Phillips, 134.

6
. Phillips
,
132; Elizabeth A. R. Brown, ‘Political Repercussions of Family Ties’, 576.

7
.
AP
, 258.

8
. Walter E. Rhodes, ‘Inventory of the Jewels and Wardrobe’, 518–21; Phillips, 135; Doherty,
Death
, 43–4.

9
.
AP
, 258. See Burgtorf, ‘With my Life’, 45 and note 105: Gaveston received the gifts in his capacity as regent and there is no suggestion that Edward intended him to keep them, and Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 104: Edward was merely ensuring the safe delivery of the gifts.

10
.
Lancaster
, 73;
Valence
, 25–9; Phillips, 138; Haines,
Edward
, 64.

11
.
Traitor
, 35–6.

12
.
Foedera
, 31;
Itinerary
, 28;
CPR 1307–13
, 45.

13
.
CCR 1307–13
, 51; Phillips, 145 note 114.

14
. Isabella and Richmond were both great-grandchildren of King Thibault I of Navarre.

15
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 47, citing
Trokelowe
, 65;
Gesta
, 210.

16
.
CFR 1307–19
, 14.

17
. Burgtorf, ‘With my Life’, 46–7.

18
.
Issues
, 122.

19
.
AP
, 258–9.

20
.
AL
, 152.

21
.
AP
, 260.

22
. For example, V. H. Galbraith, ‘The Literacy of the Medieval English Kings’,
Proceedings of the British Academy
, 21 (1935), 215: ‘It was thus stupidity or laziness, and not want of opportunity to learn Latin, that made it necessary for Edward II to take his coronation oath in French.’ Edward’s son Edward III and great-grandson Richard II also took their coronation oaths in French in 1327 and 1377, and nobody has ever accused
them
of being stupid and lazy because of it. See Phillips, 54–6.

23
. No record survives of Edward I’s coronation oath in 1274, so it is possible that he also spoke French, and that it included the fourth clause.

24
.
Issues
, 122.

25
.
Flores
, 141–2.

26
. Any details of the coronation not cited come from
AP
, 258–62.

27
.
CPR 1307–13
, 47;
AP
, 258–9.

28
.
Issues
, 121.

29
. Phillips, 140.

30
. Anthony Tuck,
Crown and Nobility 1272–1461
, 59; Michael Prestwich,
The Three Edwards
, 82.

31
. TNA E/101/325/4.

32
.
AL
, 260; Phillips, 145.

33
.
AP
, 259.

34
. Cited in Weir,
Isabella
, 40.

35
.
AP
, 262;
Vita
, 15.

36
. Edward and Isabella’s first daughter Eleanor was an exception: born in June 1318, she bore her first child in May 1333, before she turned fifteen.

37
.
Vita
, 4.

38
.
Flores
, 151.

39
.
Vita
, 1.

40
.
Lanercost
, 186.

41
.
Vita
,
4–5;
F. C. Hingeston–Ralph,
The Register of Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter 1307–1326
(1892), 11–12.

42
.
Lancaster
, 83–4, 335–6.

43
.
Lanercost
, 196;
Polychronicon
, 300.

44
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 10.

45
.
Lancaster
, 84.

46
.
CPR 1307–13
, 51.

47
.
CPR 1307–13
, 24;
Foedera
, 44; Tout,
Chapters
, Vol. 5, 277.

48
.
Guisborough
, 382; Johnstone, 124–5.

49
. TNA E 163/4/11;
Sardos
, 199–200.

50
.
Vita
, 4;
Lanercost
, 187;
Traitor
, 39; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 146.

51
.
Foedera
, 44;
CPR 1307–13
, 71.

52
. CPR 1307–13
, 74, 78–9; Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 147; Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 47.

53
.
Gesta
, 33–4;
AP
, 262–3;
Vita
, 5.

54
. Haines,
Edward
, 61–2;
Lanercost
, 187.

55
.
Foedera
, 51.

56
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 45;
CCW
, 275.

57
.
Foedera
, 49–51, 122–3.

58
. Burgtorf, ‘With my Life’, 42–3.

59
.
CPR 1307–13
, 83;
Foedera
, 51, 122–3, 129.

60
.
CFR 1307–19
, 32.

61
.
Bruce
, 249.

62
.
CPR 1307–13
, 81–2.

63
.
Foedera
, 63; Phillips, 152.

64
.
Vita
, 6.

65
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 41; Haines,
Edward
, 70.

66
.
Vita
, 6.

67
.
AP
, 264.

68
. Andy King, ‘Thomas of Lancaster’s First Quarrel’, 31–45;
Lancaster
, 92–4.

69
. Johnstone,
Letters of Edward
, 61, 65, 107, 136, 122.

70
.
CPR 1307–13
, 95, 96, 148, 453.

71
. Phillips, 64–5.

72
.
Livere
, 327;
AP
, 266.

73
.
AL
, 157;
AP
, 267.

74
.
CPR 1307–13
, 101, 156;
Foedera
, 69.

75
.
Foedera
, 68.

76
. Hamilton,
Gaveston
, 53–66.

77
.
CPR 1307–13
, 102–3.

78
.
Lancaster
, 95–102; Phillips, 155.

79
. Sophia Menache,
Clement V
(1998), 260.

80
. Phillips, 156–7;
Lancaster
, 97–8; Haines,
Edward
, 72; Tuck,
Crown and Nobility
, 57;
Place
, 76.

81
.
CCR 1307–13
, 158–9.

82
.
AL
, 157;
Vita
, 8.

83
.
CCR 1307–13
, 225–6.

84
.
Gesta
, 35;
Guisborough
, 384.

85
.
Vita
, 7.

4 Another Exile

1
.
Vita
, 16.

2
.
Scalacronica
, 48;
Lanercost
, 194.

3
.
Lanercost
, 194 (Warwick quotation),
Brut
, 207;
Flores
, 152;
Vita
, 8;
Place
, 12–13.

4
.
AL
, 133.

5
. Chaplais,
Gaveston
, 56, 67, 123.

6
.
Vita
, 7.

7
.
Vita
, 7–8.

8
. Haskins, ‘Chronicle of the Wars’, 76;
Vita
, 1–3.

9
.
Lanercost
, 184.

10
.
Foedera
, 63, 71.

11
.
Foedera
, 60.

12
. Peter Linehan, ‘English Mission of Cardinal Petrus Hispanus’, 615–20; Johnstone, 120.