Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History (90 page)

4
Sir William Paston (ca. 1610-63), quoted in Morrill,
Revolt in the Provinces,
p. 79.

5
Quoted in Morrill,
Revolt in the Provinces,
p. 75.

6
And the second bloodiest, after Edward IV’s victory at Towton Moor in 1461, ever fought on English soil.

7
Quoted in
Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution, 1640–1658,
ed. D. L. Smith (Cambridge, 1991), p. 51.

8
Quoted in ibid., pp. 17–18.

9
“On the New Forcers of Conscience Under the Long Parliament” (ca. 1647), in
Poems, &c. upon Several Occasions
(London, 1673), 69.

10
Quoted in G. E. Aylmer,
Rebellion or Revolution? England, 1640–1660
(Oxford, 1986), p. 77.

11
S. R. Gardiner
,
The Great Civil War
(London, 1898), 2: 287, quoted in C. Russell,
The Crisis of Parliaments: English History, 1509–1660
(Oxford, 1971), pp. 360–1.

12
A Declaration, or Representation from His Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax, and of the army under his command, Humbly tendered to the Parliament … 14 June 1647, in The Stuart Constitution, 1603–1688: Documents and Commentary,
ed. J. P. Kenyon (Cambridge, 1966), p. 296.

13
Quoted in
Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Political Writing in Stuart England,
ed. D. Wootton (Harmondsworth, 1986), pp. 286–90.

14
Act Erecting a High Court of Justice, January 6, 1649, reprinted in
The Trial of Charles I: A Documentary History,
ed. D. Iagomarsino and C. J. Wood (Hanover, N. H., 1989), p. 25.

15
Quoted in Iagomarsino and Wood, eds.,
Trial of Charles I
, p. 64.

16
Quoted in A. Woolrych,
Britain in Revolution 1625
—
1660
(Oxford, 2002), p. 431.

17
Quoted in R. Cust,
Charles I: A Political Life
(Harlow, 2005), p. 456.

18
Quoted in Cust,
Charles I
, p. 410.

19
The eldest, Princes Charles (1630–85) and James (1633–1701), had been sent out of the country for their protection and to prevent various rebel factions from putting either forward as king.

20
Quoted in Iagomarsino and Wood, eds.,
Trial of Charles I,
pp. 143–4.

21
He did so silently, omitting the traditional words “Behold the head of a traitor!” Presumably, he did not want to give away his identity by speaking.

22
J. Lilburne,
England’s New Chains Discovered
(London, 1649), printed in G. E. Aylmer,
The Levellers in the English Revolution
(Ithaca, N. Y., 1975), p. 146.

23
A Fiery Flying Roll
(London, 1649), reprinted (Exeter, 1973), p. 8.

24
L. Clarkson,
A Single Eye all Light
(London, 1650), pp. 8–12, 16, quoted in C. Hill,
The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (London, 1972), p. 215.

25
September 17, 1649, in
Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,
ed.T. Carlyle (London, 1907), 2: 152.

26
Quoted in C. Hill,
God’s Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
(New York, 1970), pp. 121–2.

27
Quoted in D. Hirst, England in Conflict, 1603–1660: Kingdom, Community, Commonwealth (London, 1999), p. 268.

28
Quoted in B. Worden,
The Rump Parliament, 1648–1653
(Cambridge, 1974), p. 1.

29
Quoted in Hill,
God’s Englishman,
p. 132.

30
Quoted in Hill,
God’s Englishman,
p. 33.

31
Many Royalist lands were bought by sympathetic trustees, who sold them back to the original owners at the Restoration.

32
J. Evelyn,
The Diary of John Evelyn,
ed. E. S. De Beer (Oxford, 1955), 3: 234.

33
Evelyn,
Diary,
3: 246.

9 Restoration and Revolution, 1660–1689

1
Restoration Scotland and Ireland will be discussed in chap. 10.

2
G. S. Holmes,
The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–1722
(London, 1993), p. 84.

3
They remained there for 20 years. Eventually, after blowing down in a storm and changing hands several times, Cromwell’s head was given to his alma mater, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. There, it was respectfully interred in a location undisclosed – lest some latter-day Royalists seek even now to vent their anger upon it!

4
Gaston-Jean-Baptiste de Cominges to Louis XIV, January 25, 1664, in
A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II,
ed. J. J. Jusserand (London, 1892), p. 91.

5
S. Pepys,
The Diary of Samuel Pepys
, ed. R. Latham and W. Matthews (Berkeley, 1971), 4: 366.

6
Charles II’s mother, Henrietta Maria, was the sister of Louis XIV’s father, Louis XIII. Recent continental scholarship has argued that Louis’s power was, in fact far more circumscribed by tradition and the institutions of local government than used to be thought. But seventeenth-century English men and women were in no doubt of the French king’s power.

7
Quoted in J. Scott, England’s Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Instability in European Context (Cambridge, 2000), p. 176.

8
The Protestant Netherlands (as opposed to the Spanish Netherlands to the south), also known as the Dutch republic but more properly known as the United Provinces, was a confederation of seven individual states which had rebelled against Spain in 1568, formally seceded from Spanish control in 1581, and was finally and officially recognized as an independent state in 1648. Executive authority was usually lodged in a stadholder, always the current prince of Orange, whose powers were minimal in peacetime, extensive in wartime.

9
Henceforward, where the foreign relations and resources of all three Stuart kingdoms were involved, they shall be referred to, collectively, as Britain.

10
For example, in 1671 the Treasury Commission abandoned the practice of farming the Customs (see chap. 9). From this point, the government began to collect these revenues on its own.

11
A. Marvell,
An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government
(London, 1677), quoted in B. Coward,
The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714,
2nd ed. (London, 1994), p. 325.

12
J. Scott, “England’s Troubles 1603-1702,” in
The Stuart Court & Europe: Essays in Politics and Political Culture,
ed. R. M. Smuts (Cambridge, 1996), p. 30.

13
Herbert Aubrey (ca. 1635–91), June 27, 1687, BL Add. MS. 28,876, fols. 13–14.

14
Quoted in J. R. Western,
Monarchy and Revolution: The English State in the 1680s
(London, 1972), p. 232.

15
Quoted in P. Dillon,
The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World
(London, 2006), p. 164.

16
Quoted in Western,
Monarchy and Revolution
, p. 280.

17
S. B. Baxter,
William III and the Defense of European Liberty, 1650–1702
(New York, 1966), p. 247.

18
Socinians, i.e., Dissenters who denied the Trinity (Unitarians), were excluded entirely from its protections as were, initially, Quakers.

19
BL Add. MS. 5540.

10 War and Politics, 1689–1714

1
As in previous chapters, the terms “Britain” and “British” apply to the combined efforts of England, Scotland, and Ireland when engaged together in war or other foreign policy initiatives.

2
Quoted in M. Zook, “The Propagation of Queen Mary II,” in
Women and Sovereignty,
ed. L. O. Fradenburg (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 187.

3
Quoted in J. Hoppit,
A Land of Liberty? England, 1689–1727
(Oxford, 2000), p. 144.

4
D. Defoe,
The Two Great Questions Consider’d
(London, 1700).

5
Admittedly, Pepys was too closely associated with James II’s administration to remain in office following the Revolution.

6
J. Swift,
Examiner
14 (1710).

7
Quoted in W. Durant and A. Durant,
The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization, 1648–1715
(New York, 1963), p. 702. The Spanish ambassador’s words have been retranslated by the authors.

8
Quoted in T. B. Macaulay,
The History of England from the Accession of James II
(London, 1895), 2: 766.

9
G. S. Holmes,
The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–1722
(London, 1993), p. 325.

10
Quoted in G. Williams and J. Ramsden,
Ruling Britannia: A Political History of Britain, 1688–1988
(London, 1990), pp. 43–4.