Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (65 page)

13.
Ibid.

14.
Steve Coll, “Letter from Jedda. Young Osama: How He Learned Radicalism, and May Have Seen America,”
The New Yorker,
Dec. 12, 2005.

15.
Robin Wright, “Quiet Revolution: Islamic Movement’s New Phase,” third of a five-part series, “Politics in the Name of God,”
The Christian Science Monitor,
Nov. 6, 1987.

16.
John Walsh, “Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood: Understanding Centrist Islam,”
Perspectives on the United States: A Splintered Mirror, Harvard International Review,
vol. 24, Winter 2003.

17.
Robin Wright,
Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 175–178.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Omar Sinan, “Al Qaeda Touts U.S. Troop Cuts in Iraq in a New Zawahiri Tape,” Associated Press, Jan. 6, 2006.

21.
Steven Stalinsky, “Egyptian Support for Killing American Soldiers in Iraq,” Middle East Media Research Institute, Dec. 2, 2004.

22.
www.harakamasria.org, www.harakamasria.net. and www.harakamasria.com.

23.
Shaden Shehab, “Gomaa’s Last Stand,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
Apr. 6–12, 2006; and Miret el-Nagger, “Standoff Deals Blow to Secular Parties in Egypt,” Knight Ridder, Apr. 7, 2006.

24.
Ron Nordland, “The Pharaoh and the Rebel,”
Newsweek,
Dec. 30, 2005.

25.
Ayman Nour, “Letter from Prison: Did I Take Democracy Too Seriously?”
Newsweek,
Mar. 14, 2005.

26.
“Egypt: Focus on Second Week of Campaigning,” IRINnews.org, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Aug. 25, 2005.

27.
Daniel Williams, “Mubarak’s 2005 Election Rival Sits in Jail as Movement Withers,” Bloomberg News, Mar. 6, 2007.

28.
Gamal Essam el-Din, “Re-introducing Gamal Mubarak,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
Mar. 30–Apr. 5, 2006.

29.
The reign of Ramses II was the longest, at more than sixty years in the thirteenth century
B.C.
That of Mohammed Ali was the second longest, at forty years in the nineteenth century. From Saad Eddin Ibrahim at the Capitol Hill Conference Series on U.S. Middle East Policy, Hart Senate Office Buildling, Apr. 22, 2005.

30.
Gamal Essam el-Din, “It Won’t Happen Here,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 672, Jan. 8–14, 2004.

31.
Gamal Essam el-Din, “Re-introducing Gamal Mubarak.”

32.
Gamal Essam el-Din, “It Won’t Happen Here,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 672, Jan. 8–14, 2004.

33.
Nevine Khalil, “Young Minds, Open Debate,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 637, May 8–14, 2003.

34.
Daniel Williams, “Egyptians Wonder If Dynasty Is Near; Mubarak’s Son Gaining Prominence,”
The Washington Post,
Sept. 24, 2004.

35.
“Book Eulogises Mubarak’s Son,” Agence France Presse, Mar. 9, 2004.

36.
Tom Perry, “Egypt Islamist Sees Mubarak’s Son Seeking Presidency,” Reuters, Feb. 27, 2006.

37.
Rod Nordland, “The Pharaoh and the Rebel,”
Newsweek,
Dec. 30, 2005.

38.
Interview with Mohammed el-Sayed Said, deputy director of the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies.

39.
“Egypt Detaining More People, Rights Council Says,” Reuters, Apr. 5, 2006.

40.
Hannah Allam, “Egyptian Reformer’s Experience a Cautionary Tale, Knight Ridder Newspapers, Mar. 30, 2006.

41.
Amira Howeidy, “I Fear For Egypt,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 786, Mar. 16–22, 2006.

42.
Hannah Allam, “Egyptian Reformer’s Experience a Cautionary Tale.”

43.
Abigail Hauslohner, “Egypt Monitoring Group Reports Vote Fraud.”
Reuters,
June 13, 2007.

44.
Paul Schemm, “Egyptian-American Academic Fears Arrest if He Returns Home from U.S.” Associated Press, Aug. 26, 2007.

45.
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Egypt’s Unchecked Repression.”
The Washington Post,
Aug. 21, 2007.

CHAPTER FOUR: LEBANON: THE DREAMERS

1.
“Index Ranks Middle East Freedom,” BBC News, Nov. 18, 2005.
The Economist
Intelligence Unit ranked twenty countries based on fifteen indicators of political and civil liberty. The ratings were:
Israel 8.20
Lebanon 6.55
Morocco 5.20
Iraq 5.05
Palestine 5.05
Kuwait 4.90
Tunisia 4.60
Jordan 4.45
Qatar 4.45
Egypt 4.30
Sudan 4.30
Yemen 4.30
Algeria 4.15
Oman 4.00
Bahrain 3.85
Iran 3.85
United Arab Emirates 3.70
Saudi Arabia 2.80
Syria 2.80
Libya 2.05

2.
Ramsay Short,
A Hedonist’s Guide to Beirut
(London: Filmer, 2005), p. 134.

3.
“Censors Raid Beirut’s Virgin Megastore,” BBC News, Jan. 7, 2002.

4.
Background Notes: Lebanon,
U.S. Department of State, Aug. 2005, p. 2. The United States reports that as many as seven percent of Lebanon’s population was killed during the war, which is higher than most estimates. The generally accepted figures range from 100,000 to 150,000 killed, with some 100,000 injured or handicapped, and up to 17,000 missing.

5.
Susan Sachs, “Rafiq Hariri Is Dead at 60; Ex-premier of Lebanon,”
The New York Times,
Feb. 15, 2005.

6.
Ghassan Charbel “The Long Interview: Rafiq al Hariri,”
Al Hayat,
reprinted in English in
The Journal of Turkish Weekly,
Feb. 17, 2005.

7.
Gary C. Gambill, and Ziad K. Abdelnour, “Dossier: Rafiq Hariri,”
Middle East Intelligence Bulletin,
vol. 3, no. 7, July 2001.

8.
Ghassan Charbel, “The Long Interview: Rafiq al Hariri.” Hariri told
Al Hayat
that his personal contribution to reconstruction of Beirut’s war-ravaged commercial district downtown was $125 million, or about seven percent of the total.

9.
Ethan Bronner, “A Builder in Lebanon; New Prime Minister Wealthy, Fiercely Dedicated,”
The Boston Globe,
Mar. 22, 1993.

10.
Oussama Safa, “Lebanon Springs Forward,”
Journal of Democracy,
vol. 17, no. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 28–34.

11.
Nora Boustany, “Lebanon’s Sorrow: Hariri’s Murderers Were Targeting Democracy,”
The Washington Post,
Feb. 20, 2005.

12.
Oussama Safa, “Lebanon Springs Forward.”

13.
Gary C. Gambill and Ziad K. Abdelnour, “Dossier: Rafiq Hariri.”

14.
Ethan Bronner, “A Builder in Lebanon.”

15.
Oussama Safa, “Lebanon Springs Forward.”

16.
Robin Wright and Colum Lynch, “Syria Blamed in Death of Hariri; U.N. Also Faults Lebanese Officials,”
The Washington Post,
Oct. 21, 2005.

17.
United Nations Security Council report by investigator Detlev Mehlis, circulated Oct. 20, 2005.

18.
Hassan M. Fattah, “Wails at Loss of Lebanese Leader, Cries for His Vision,”
The New York Times,
Feb. 17, 2005.

19.
Megan K. Stack, “Mourners in Lebanon Say Syria Must Go,”
Los Angeles Times,
Feb. 17, 2005.

20.
Megan K. Stack, “Son of Slain Former Leader Triumphs in Beirut Vote,”
Los Angeles Times,
May 30, 2005.

21.
Lally Weymouth, “The Next Prime Minister?”
The Washington Post,
May 29, 2005.

22.
Scott MacLeod, “Days of Cedar,”
Time Europe,
vol. 166, no. 15, Oct. 10, 2005.

CHAPTER FIVE: LEBANON: THE SHADOWS

1.
David Ignatius, “An Interview with Sayyed Hasan Nasrallah,”
The Washington Post,
Feb. 3, 2006.

2.
Of the fourteen, four are independents who are aligned with Hezbollah and vote with the party. Two are Sunni and one is Maronite.

3.
Hassan Nasrallah, speech addressing the nation on the publication of cartoons about the Prophet Mohammed, Al Arabiya television, Feb. 9, 2006.

4.
Richard Armitage, “America and the World Since 9/11,” luncheon speech at the United States Institute of Peace, Sept. 12, 2002. In reply to a question, Armitage, the Bush Administration’s first deputy secretary of state, said, “Hezbollah may be the A-Team of terrorists, and maybe al Qaeda is actually the B-Team. They’re on the list, and their time will come. There is no question about it. They have a blood debt to us…and we’re not going to forget it, and it’s all in good time. We’re going to go after these problems just like a high-school wrestler goes after a match: We’re going to take them down one at a time.”

5.
Sami Moubayed, “Nasrallah and the Three Lebanons,”
Asia Times,
Aug. 3, 2006.

6.
Julie Goodman, “Cleric’s Disappearance Sensitive Issue for Shiites,” International Reporting Project, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Fall 2004.

7.
Augustus Richard Norton, “Hizballah: From Radicalism to Pragmatism?”
Middle East Policy Council Journal,
vol. 5, no. 4, Jan. 1998.

8.
The spark for Israel’s invasion, somewhat ironically, was an assassination attempt on its ambassador to Britain by a Palestinian renegade group led by Abu Nidal. His group had split from the Palestine Liberation Organization and later tried to kill Yasser Arafat, too. But the attack on Israel’s ambassador provided the pretext to deal with the long-standing problem of the PLO in neighboring Lebanon.

9.
Al Manar television, Mar. 20, 2002, on www.islamicdigest.net.

10.
Robin Wright,
Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 69–110.