Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (140 page)

14
  Ibid., p. 53

15
  Benjamin R. Tucker,
Instead of a Book. By a Man Too Busy to Write One. A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism culled from the Writings of Benjamin R. Tucker, editor of Liberty
, 2nd edn. (New York: Benj. R. Tucker, 1897), p. 15

16
  Ibid., p. 13

17
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
The Social Contract and Discourses
, ed. G. D. H. Cole (Dent, 1973), p. 177

18
  See Emma Goldman,
Anarchism and Other Essays
, op. cit., p. 194;
Red Emma Speaks
, ed. Alix Kates Shulman (Wildwood House, 1979), p. 354

19
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 65

20
  Bakunin,
Marxism, Freedom and the State
, ed. K.J. Kenafick (Freedom Press, 1984), p. 17

21
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 23

22
  Franz Kafka,
The Castle
(1926) trans. Willa & Edwin Muir (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), p. 105

23
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 48

24
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 159

25
  Alan Ritter,
Anarchism: A Theoretical Analysis
(Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 3, 24, 38

26
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., pp. 77, 171

27
  Quoted in Ritter,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 27

28
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., pp. 25, 87

29
  Randolph Bourne, ‘The State’ (1919), quoted in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 101

30
  Eric Fromm,
The Fear of Freedom
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960), p. 28

31
  Wilhelm Reich,
The Function of the
Orgasm
(New York: Noonday Press, 1942), Introduction

32
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 47

33
  Murray Bookchin, ‘Thinking Ecologically: A Dialectical Approach’,
Our Generation
, 18, 2 (March 1987), p. 36

34
  Woodcock,
Anarchism
(1st edn.), op. cit., p. 7. Cf. Gerald Runkle,
Anarchism Old and New
(New York: Delta, 1972), p. 3

35
  
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 77; Kropotkin, ‘Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 137

36
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 20

37
  Ward,
Anarchy in Action
, op. cit., p. 11

38
  See Michael Taylor,
Community, Anarchy and Liberty
(Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 24

39
  Robert Paul Wolff,
In Defense of Anarchism
(New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1976), p. 18

40
  Max Weber,
Economy and Society
, eds. G. Roth & C. Wittick (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), I, 215

41
  Faure,
Autorité et liberté
, op. cit., no folios; see also Jean Grave,
La Société mourante et l’anarchie
(Paris: Stock, 1893), p. 8

42
  William McKercher,
Libertarian Thought in the Nineteenth Century
(Garland Press, 1987), pp. vi - vii

43
Richard De George, ‘Anarchism and Authority’,
Anarchism
(reprint of
Nomos
, XIX) (New York University Press, 1978), p. 101

44
  Godwin,
An Enquiry concerning Political Justice
(G. G. Robinson, 1793), II, 565

45
  Bakunin,
Oeuvres
, op. cit., III, 69n43

46
Giovanni Baldelli,
Social Anarchism
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), p. 93

47
  David Wieck, ‘The Negativity of Anarchism’,
Reinventing Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 140

48
  Ritter, ‘The Anarchist Justification of Authority’,
Nomos
, XIX, op. cit., p. 138

49
  Miller,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 57

50
  Godwin,
Political Justice
(1793 edn.), op. cit., II, 708

51
  Taylor,
Community, Anarchy, and Liberty
, op. cit., p. 23

52
  Ritter, ‘The Anarchist Justification of Authority’, op. cit., p. 138

53
  Bertrand Russell,
Power: A New Social Analysis
(Basic Books, 1940), p. 35

54
  Alex Comfort,
Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950), p. 75

55
  See Bookchin, ‘The Power to Create, The Power to Destroy’,
Toward an Ecological Society
(Montréal & Buffalo: Black Rose Books, 1980), ch. 1

56
  Tucker,
Instead of a Book
, op. cit., p. 59

57
  See Paul Goodman,
People or Personnel: Decentralizing and the Mixed System
(New York: Random House, 1965), pp. 175–89

58
  Alfred Adler,
Understanding Human Nature
, quoted in Russell,
Power
, op. cit., p. 17

59
  Kropotkin,
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1939), p. 233

60
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., pp. 35, 267

61
  See Bookchin,
The Ecology of Freedom
, op. cit.

62
  John Clark,
The Anarchist Moment
(Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1984), p. 15

63
  See Taylor,
Liberty, Anarchy and Community
, op. cit., pp. 80–1

64
  Quoted in George Woodcock,
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biographical Study
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956), p. 34

65
  Tucker,
Instead of a Book
, op. cit., p. 347

66
  Bakunin, ‘Revolutionary Catechism’,
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 76

67
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 49

68
  John Rawls, ‘Justice as Fairness’,
Contemporary Political Theory
, op. cit., p. 193

69
  Tucker,
Instead of a Book
, op. cit., p. 132

1
    See John Clark, ‘Master Lao and the Anarchist Prince’,
The Anarchist Moment
, op. cit., p. 165. Reprinted from the symposium on Taoism and anarchism in
Journal of Chinese Philosophy
10 (1983). The consensus of all the contributors is that Taoism offers a workable form of anarchism.

2
    Lao Tzu,
Tao te ching
, trans. Gia-Fu Feng & Jane English (New York: Vintage, 1972), ch. 1
(hereafter the chapters are referred to in brackets after each quotation in the text)

3
    Joseph Needham,
Science and Civilization in China
(Cambridge University Press, 1956), II, 35

4
    Ibid., II, 37

5
    Roger T. Ames, ‘Is Political Taoism Anarchism?’,
Journal of Chinese Philosophy
, op. cit., p. 34

6
    Cf. Needham,
Science and Civilization in China
, op. cit., II, 70

7
    Ames, ‘Is Political Taoism Anarchism?’, op. cit., p. 35

8
    Bookchin, ‘Thinking Ecologically’, op. cit., pp. 8–9

9
    Cf. Clark, ‘Master Lao and the Anarchist Prince’, op. cit., p. 186; Brian Morris, ‘Lao Tzu and Anarchism’,
Freedom Anarchist Review
, 42, 17 (22 August 1981), p. 14

10
  
Chuang Tzu
, trans. H. A. Giles (Unwin, 1980), pp. 98–9

11
  Ibid., p. 87

12
  Ibid., p. 106

13
  Quoted in Ames, ‘Is Political Taoism Anarchism’, op. cit., p. 36

14
  
Chuang Tzu
, op. cit., pp. 255–6

15
  Gary Snyder, ‘Buddhist Anarchism’, first printed in the
Journal for the Protection of All Beings
, ed. Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In a revised version of the essay called ‘Buddhism and the Coming Revolution’, reprinted in
Earth House Hold
(New York: New Directions, 1969), Snyder drops the reference to anarchism.

16
  Christmas Humphreys,
Buddhism
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), p. 75

17
  Snyder, ‘Passage to More than India’,
Earth House Hold
, op. cit., p. 105

18
  John Clark, correspondence with the author

19
  Humphreys,
Buddhism
, op. cit., p. 179

20
  D.T. Suzuki,
Essays in Zen Buddhism
, First Series (1949), p. 111

21
  
Zen Buddhism: Selected Writings of D. T. Suzuki
, ed. William Barrett (New York: Anchor, 1956), p. 9

22
  Humphreys,
Buddhism
, op. cit., p. 76

23
  
Zen Flesh, Zen Bones
, compiled by Paul Reps (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), p. 39

24
  
The Sutra of Wei Lang
(Hui-neng), quoted in Humphreys,
Buddhism
, op. cit., p. 183

25
  Ibid., p. 186

26
  
Zen Flesh, Zen Bones
, op. cit., pp. 75, 54

27
  See ibid., pp. 40–1

28
  Quoted in Suzuki,
Zen Buddhism
, op. cit., p. 118

29
  
A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963) p. 447

30
  
Zen Flesh, Zen Bones
, op. cit., p. 128

31
  Ibid., p. 63

32
  Suzuki,
Zen Buddhism
, op. cit., p. 258

1
    Sophocles,
Antigone
(
c.
441 BC), in
Seven Famous Greek Plays
, eds. W. J. Oates & E. O’Neil, Jr. (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 202. For Antigone as an anarchist heroine, see Henry Nevinson, ‘An Anarchist Play’,
Essays in Freedom
(Duckworth, 1911), pp. 209–14

2
    
Heraditus: The Cosmic Fragments
, ed. G. S. Kirk (Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 105

3
    Ibid., p. 307

4
    Quoted in Bertrand Russell,
History of Western Philosophy
(George Allen & Unwin, 1962), p. 60

5
    Quoted in J. B. Bury,
A History of Freedom of Thought
(Williams & Norgate, 1920), p. 34

6
    See D. Ferraro, ‘Anarchism in Greek
Philosophy’,
Anarchy
, 45 (November 1964), pp. 322–3

7
    Quoted in Russell, op. cit., p. 241

8
    See D. Novak, ‘The Place of Anarchism in the History of Political Thought’,
The Review of Politics
, 20, 3 (July 1958), 308; Alexander Gray,
The Socialist Tradition
(Longmans, 1963), pp. 28–9

9
    Kropotkin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 10

10
  Diogenes Laertius,
Lives of Eminent Philosophers
, trans. R. D. Hicks (Loeb Classical Library, 1925), II, 195

11
  Ibid., II, 225–9

12
  Ibid.

13
  Thucydides,
History of the Peloponnesian War
, trans. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954), pp. 117–19

14
  A. H. M. Jones,
Athenian Democracy
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1957), p. 132