Data and Goliath (61 page)

the same thing happened in the UK:
Caspar Bowden (23 Aug 2012), “Submission to the Joint Committee on the draft Communications
Data Bill,” http://www.academia.edu/6002584/Submission_to_the_Joint_Committee_on_the_draft_Communications_Data_Bill.

It was intentionally drafted:
During one recent litigation, one judge called it a “difficult if not impenetrable
statute,” and the government’s own attorney called it “convoluted legislation.” Owen
Bowcott (18 Jul 2014), “Intelligence services ‘creating vast databases’ of intercepted
emails,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/18/intelligence-services-email-database-internet-tribunal.

didn’t actually legalize mass surveillance:
EU law also applies to the UK, and mass surveillance under RIPA violates the European
Convention on Human Rights. Nick Hopkins (28 Jan 2014), “Huge swath of GCHQ mass surveillance
is illegal, says top lawyer,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/28/gchq-mass-surveillance-spying-law-lawyer.

President Obama tried to reassure:
President Obama said that the NSA programs were “under very strict supervision by
all three branches of government.” Barack Obama (7 Jun 2013), “Transcript: Obama’s
remarks on NSA controversy,”
Wall Street Journal
, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/06/07/transcript-what-obama-said-on-nsa-controversy.

His statement was deeply misleading:
Electronic Privacy Information Center (2014), “Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act court orders 1979–2014,” https://epic.org/privacy/wiretap/stats/fisa_stats.html.

telephone metadata collection program:
The ACLU discusses why this needs to be
reformed. American Civil Liberties Union (2014), “Reform the Patriot Act Section 215,”
https://www.aclu.org/free-speech-national-security-technology-and-liberty/reform-patriot-act-section-215.

bulk records collection:
The ACLU also discusses why this needs to be reformed. Jameel Jaffer (19 Mar 2014),
“Submission of Jameel Jaffer, Deputy Legal Director, American Civil Liberties Union,”
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Public Hearing on Section 702 of the FISA
Amendments Act, http://www.pclob.gov/Library/Meetings-Events/2014-March-19-Public-Hearing/Testimony_Jaffer.pdf.

There’s just too much secrecy:
There was a telling exchange at a US Senate Intelligence Committee hearing between
Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon and then NSA director Keith Alexander. Wyden asked Alexander
whether the NSA collected Americans’ cell phone location data in bulk. Alexander replied
that the NSA did not collect it under the authority delineated in Section 215 of the
PATRIOT Act. Wyden then asked Alexander whether the NSA collected it under any other
authority. Alexander refused to answer. Robyn Greene (27 Sep 2013), “It’s official:
NSA wants to suck up all American’s phone records,”
Washington Markup
, https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security/its-official-nsa-wants-suck-all-americans-phone-records.

When companies refuse:
Marcy Wheeler (14 Aug 2014), “The majority of 215 orders come from Internet companies
that refuse NSLs,”
Empty Wheel
, http://www.emptywheel.net/2014/08/14/the-bulk-of-215-orders-come-from-internet-companies-that-refuse-nsls.

the NSA has repeatedly threatened:
Marcy Wheeler (23 Jun 2014), “The single branch theory of oversight,”
Cato Unbound
, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2014/06/23/marcy-wheeler/single-branch-theory-oversight.

They produced:
Richard A. Clarke et al. (12 Dec 2013), “Liberty and security in a changing world:
Report and recommendations of the President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications
Technologies,” US Executive Office of the President, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2013-12-12_rg_final_report.pdf.

President Obama agreed:
Barack Obama (17 Jan 2014), “Remarks by the President on review of signals intelligence,”
US Executive Office of the President, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/17/remarks-president-review-signals-intelligence.

In 2004, Congress created:
Garrett Hatch (27 Aug 2012), “Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: New independent
agency status,” Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34385.pdf.

The group’s 2014 report:
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (2 Jul 2014), “Report on the surveillance
program operated pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act,” http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report.pdf.

It was widely panned:
American Civil Liberties Union (2 Jul 2014), “Government privacy watchdog signs off
on much of NSA warrantless wiretapping program,” https://www.aclu.org/national-security/government-privacy-watchdog-signs-much-nsa-warrantless-wiretapping-program.
Jennifer Granick (2 Jul 2014), “Did PCLOB answer my eight questions about Section
702?”
Just Security
, http://justsecurity.org/12516/pclob-answer-questions-section-702.

We need meaningful rules:
Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. (12 Mar 2014), “Why we need a
new Church Committee to fix our broken intelligence system,”
Nation
, http://www.thenation.com/article/178813/why-we-need-new-church-committee-fix-our-broken-intelligence-system.

Contrary to what many:
This is one example. Gregory Conti, Lisa Shay, and Woodrow Hartzog (Summer 2014),
“Deconstructing the relationship between privacy and security,”
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
33, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6824305.

Secret warrants don’t work:
Jameel Jaffer (19 Mar 2014), “Submission of Jameel Jaffer, Deputy Legal Director,
American Civil Liberties Union,” Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Public
Hearing on Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act, http://www.pclob.gov/Library/Meetings-Events/2014-March-19-Public-Hearing/Testimony_Jaffer.pdf.

Some surveillance orders bypass:
Privacy SOS (10 Dec 2013), “No evidence, no worries: on the use of secret subpoenas,”
http://www.privacysos.org/node/1263.

Start with the FISA Court:
Andrew Nolan, Richard M. Thompson II, and Vivian S. Chu (25 Oct 2013), “Introducing
a public advocate into the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act’s courts: Select
legal issues,” Congressional Research Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/advocate.pdf.
Stephen I. Vladeck et al. (29 May 2013), “The case for a FISA ‘Special Advocate,’”
Constitution Project, http://www.constitutionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/The-Case-for-a-FISA-Special-Advocate_FINAL.pdf.
Covington & Burling (May 2014), “The constitutionality of a public advocate for privacy,”
http://www.insideprivacy.com/files/2014/07/The-Constitutionality-of-a-Public-Advocate-for-Pri.pdf.

more steps are needed:
Joel Reidenberg (2 Nov 2013), “The data surveillance state in the US and Europe,”
Wake Forest Law Review
(forthcoming), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2349269.

Snowden was rebuffed repeatedly:
Edward Snowden (7 Mar 2014), “Statement to European Parliament,” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201403/20140307ATT80674/20140307ATT80674EN.pdf.

Other law enforcement agencies:
Merrick Bobb (16 Nov 2005), “Internal and external police oversight in the United
States,” Police Assessment Resource Center, http://www.parc.info/client_files/altus/10-19%20altus%20conf%20paper.pdf.

more transparency, the better:
Michael P. Weinbeck (3 Jun 2010), “Watching the watchmen: Lessons for federal law
enforcement from America’s cities,”
William Mitchell Law Review
36, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/documents/12.weinbeck.pdf. Eduardo L. Calderon
and Maria Hernandez-Figueroa (Jan 2013), “Citizen oversight committees in law enforcement,”
California State University Fullerton Center for Public Policy, http://cpp.fullerton.edu/cpp_policeoversight_report.pdf.

democracies need to be leaky:
David Pozen (20 Dec 2013), “The leaky leviathan: Why the government condemns and
condones unlawful disclosures of information,”
Harvard Law Review
127, http://harvardlawreview.org/2013/12/the-leaky-leviathan-why-the-government-condemns-and-condones-unlawful-disclosures-of-information.
Rahul Sagar (20 Dec 2013), “Creaky leviathan: A comment on David Pozen’s
Leaky Leviathan
,”
Harvard Law Review Forum
127, http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/forvol127_sagar.pdf.

whistleblowing the civil disobedience:
These two essays make this point. danah boyd (19 Jul 2013),
“Whistleblowing is the new civil disobedience: Why Edward Snowden matters,”
apophenia
, http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2013/07/19/edward-snowden-whistleblower.html.
William E. Scheuerman (Sep 2014), “Whistleblowing as civil disobedience: The case
of Edward Snowden,”
Philosophy and Social Criticism
40, http://psc.sagepub.com/content/40/7/609.abstract.

The NGO Human Rights Watch:
G. Alex Sinha (28 Jul 2014), “With liberty to monitor all,” Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/07/28/liberty-monitor-all-0.

whistleblowers provide another oversight:
Rahul Sagar (2013),
Secrets and Leaks: The Dilemma of State Secrecy
, Princeton University Press, http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10151.html.

Just as we have laws:
Mary-Rose Papandrea (Mar 2014), “Leaker traitor whistleblower spy: National security
leaks and the First Amendment,”
Boston University Law Review
94, http://www.bu.edu/bulawreview/files/2014/05/PAPANDREA.pdf.

Once they are in place:
Bruce Schneier (6 Jun 2013), “What we don’t know about spying on citizens: Scarier
than what we know,”
Atlantic
, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/what-we-dont-know-about-spying-on-citizens-scarier-than-what-we-know/276607.

The clever thing about this:
Yochai Benkler delineated criteria that the courts can use to decide this. Yochai
Benkler (Jul 2014), “A public accountability defense for national security leakers
and whistleblowers,”
Harvard Review of Law and Policy
8, http://benkler.org/Benkler_Whistleblowerdefense_Prepub.pdf.

Someone like Snowden:
Yochai Benkler makes the case that the smartest thing the US could do is to give
Edward Snowden immunity and let him return to the US. Yochai Benkler (8 Sep 2014),
“Want to reform the NSA? Give Edward Snowden immunity,”
Atlantic
, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/want-to-reform-the-nsa-give-edward-snowden-immunity/379612/2.

We encourage individuals:
US Department of Labor (2014), “The Whistleblower Protection Programs,” http://www.whistleblowers.gov.

we need to protect whistleblowing:
Glenn Reynolds has some ideas on how to maximize the benefits of whistleblowing while
minimizing the harm. Glenn Reynolds (15 Sep 2014), “Don’t fear the leaker: Thoughts
on bureaucracy and ethical whistleblowing,” Social Sciences Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2496400.

Axel Arnbak said about:
Axel Arnbak (30 Sep 2013), “The question lawyers don’t ask: Can law address total
transnational surveillance?” Congress on Privacy and Surveillance, Lausanne, Switzerland,
http://ic.epfl.ch/privacy-surveillance.

2014 UN report concluded:
Ben Emmerson (23 Sep 2014), “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and
protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” United
Nations General Assembly, Sixty-ninth session, Agenda item 68(a), https://docs.google.com/document/d/18U1aHmKx9jfDQjCZeAUYZdRjl6iF4QjuS_aJO2Uy7NY/edit?pli=1.

a baby step in this direction:
Kim Zetter (22 Oct 2013), “Court rules probable-cause warrant required for GPS trackers,”
Wired
, http://www.wired.com/2013/10/warrant-required-gps-trackers.

another in 2014:
Robert Barnes (25 Jun 2014), “Supreme Court says police must get
warrants for most cellphone searches,”
Washington Post
, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/supreme-court-police-must-get-warrants-for-most-cellphone-searches/2014/06/25/e2ff1326-fc6b-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html.

we need to overturn:
Orin Kerr and Greg Nojeim (1 Aug 2012), “The data question: Should the third-party
records doctrine be revisited?”
ABA Journal
, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_data_question_should_the_third-party_records_doctrine_be_revisited.
Colleen Maher Ernst (Jan 2014), “A proposed revision of the third-party doctrine,”
Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy
37, http://www.harvard-jlpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/37_1_329_Maher.pdf. Richard
M. Thompson II (5 Jun 2014), “The Fourth Amendment third-party doctrine,” Congressional
Research Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43586.pdf.

The police should need a warrant:
Currently, Justice Sotomayor is the only Supreme Court justice who has written in
favor of making these changes. Richard M. Thompson II (5 Jun 2014), “The Fourth Amendment
third-party doctrine,” Congressional Research Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43586.pdf.

also hoarding vulnerabilities:
In 2014, the Russians used a zero-day vulnerability in Windows to spy on both NATO
and the Ukrainian government. Ellen Nakashima (13 Oct 2014), “Russian hackers use
‘zero-day’ to hack NATO, Ukraine in cyber-spy campaign,”
Washington Post
, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-hackers-use-zero-day-to-hack-nato-ukraine-in-cyber-spy-campaign/2014/10/13/f2452976-52f9-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html.