Dark Banquet (32 page)

In a 1994 study, Norwegians
Anders Baerheim and Hogne Sanvik, “Effect of Ale, Garlic, and Soured Cream on the Appetite of Leeches,”
British Medical Journal
309 (December 24, 1994): 1689.

In the late nineteenth century
J. S. Haller Jr., “Decline of Bloodletting: A Study in 19th-Century Ratiocinations,”
Southern Medical Journal
79 (1986): 469–75.

7: S
LEEPING WITH THE
E
NEMY

Ecdysiast
was also the term coined
Joseph D. Ayd, “H. L., Where Are You? A Celebration of Henry Mencken on the Centennial of His Birth,”
English Journal,
69, no. 6 (1980): 32–37.

Those of you looking
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences
205 (1979): 581–98.

Various insects and other arthropods
Robert L. Usinger,
Monograph of Cimicidae
(College Park, Md.: Entomological Society of America, 1966), 31–32.

Finally, although an 1855 paper
Bruce Cummings,
The Bed-Bug: Its Habits and Life History and How to Deal with It,
6th ed., Economic Series No. 5, British Museum (Natural History) (London: Adlard and Son, Limited, Bartholomew Press, Dorking) 1949, 17.

Recently, scientist David Reed and his co-workers
David L. Reed, Jessica E. Light, Julie M. Allen, and Jeremy J. Kirchman, “Pair of Lice Lost or Parasites Regained: The Evolutionary History of Anthropoid Primate Lice,”
BMC Biology
5, no. 7 (March 7, 2007), doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-7.

Monograph of Cimicidae
Usinger,
Monograph of Cimicidae,
1–7.

Medicinal uses for bed bugs
Ibid., 7.

Quintus Serenus was another Roman
Ibid.

According to Usinger
Ibid.

A Treatise of Buggs
John Southall,
A Treatise of Buggs
(London, 1730).

Southall's interviews supported the claims
Ibid., 3.

In this regard, the Yanks were
Cummings,
The Bed-Bug: Its Habits and Life History and How to Deal With It,
3.

Currently, scientists recognize around
Usinger,
Monograph of Cimicidae,
1.

Reflecting their worldwide distribution
Ibid, 4–5.

Besides “red coats” and “heavy dragoons”
Cummings,
The Bed-Bug: Its Habits and Life History and How to Deal With It,
3.

Harkening back to the enormous
Ibid., 12.

Speaking of bugs, the English word
Usinger,
Monograph of Cimicidae,
5.

Fortunately, in some states
New York State, Department of State, Division of Licensing Services, “Manufacture, Repairer-Renovator or Rebuilder of New and/or Used Bedding and/or Retailer/Wholesaler of Used Bedding Application,”
http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lcns/instructions/1427ins.htm
.

8: O
F
M
ITES AND
M
EN

During World War II
Tyler A. Woolley,
Acarology: Mites and Human Welfare
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1988), 444.

With no specific treatment available
D. J. Kelly, A. L. Richards, J. Temenak, D. Strickman, and G. A. Dasch. “The Past and Present Threat of Rickettsial Diseases to Military Medicine and International Public Health,”
Clinical Infectious Disease
34, Suppl. 4 (2002): S145–69.

All along the Papuan coast
Emory C. Cushing,
History of Entomology in World War II
(Pub. 4294). (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1957), 80–81.

Eventually, antibiotics like tetracycline, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol
George Watt and David Walker. “Scrub Typhus,” in
Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice,
vol. 1, ed. Richard Guerrant, David H. Walker, and Peter Weller, 592–97. (Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 1999).

In parts of northern Thailand
George Watt, C. Chouriyagune, R. Ruangweerayud, P. Watcharapichat, D. Phulsuksombati, K. Jongsakul, et al., “Scrub Typhus Infections Poorly Responsive to Antibiotics in Northern Thailand,”
Lancet,
348 (1996): 86–89.

The basic premise, proposed by
Gavin de Beer,
Embryology and Evolution
(Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1930).

and reinvigorated by Stephen
Stephen Jay Gould,
Ontogeny and Phylogeny
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977), 4.

Among the acarids, perhaps the strangest
Timothy G. Myles, “Observations on Mites (Acari) Associated with the Eastern Subterranean Termites,
Reticulitermes flavipes
(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae),”
Sociobiology
39, no. 2 (2002): 277–80.

In perhaps the strangest case of phoresy
R. K. Colwell, “Effects of Nectar Consumption by the Hummingbird Flower Mite
Proctolaelaps kirmsei
on Nectar Availability in
Hamelia patens,” Biotropica
27 (1995): 206–17.

Acarologist Tyler Woolley
Woolley,
Acarology: Mites and Human Welfare,
3.

According to entomologists R. Chapman and H. Shepard
Arnold Mallis,
Handbook of Pest Control,
2d ed. (New York: MacNair-Dorland Co., 1954), 863.

And in a quote that immediately reminded
R. N. Chapman and H. H. Shepard, “Insects Infesting Stored Food Products,”
University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin
198 (1932).

For example, approximately 140
William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, and Helga Olkowski.
Common-Sense Pest Control
(Newtown, Ct.: Taunton Press, 1991), 159.

Scabies is a condition that produces
Ibid., 164–66.

Scabies is a disease of herding
John H. Stokes, “Scabies Among the Well-to-Do,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
106 (1936): 675.

Varroa
can be considered an invertebrate vampire
Gwilym O. Evans,
Principles of Acarology
(Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1992), 173–74.

In a pilot study published by the International Association
Wolfgang Harst, Jochen Kuhn, and Hermann Stever, “Can Electromagnetic Exposure Cause a Change in Behavior?
Acta Systemica—IIAS International Journal
6, no. 1 (2005): 1–6.

A number of researchers have
B. V. Ball and M. F. Allen, “The Prevalence of Pathogens in the Honeybee
(Apis mellifera)
Colonies Infected with the Parasitic Mite
Varroa jacobsoni, Annals of Applied Biology
113 (1988): 337–44.

These viruses are thought
J. R. de Miranda, M. Drebot, S. Tyler, M. Shen, C. E. Cameron, D. B. Stoltz, et al., “Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Kashmir Bee Virus and Comparison with Acute Bee Paralysis Virus,
Journal of General Virology
85 (2004): 2263–70.

Pellegrino gave another
“Bat Die-Off Prompts Investigation; DEC Asks for Cavers' Help to Prevent Spread of ‘White Nose Syndrome,'” New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
http://www.dec.ny.gov/press/41621.htm
, January 30, 2008.

Many of these species are relatively harmless
Evans,
Principles of Acarology,
187–188.

What saved civilization, apparently
Andrew B. Appleby, “The Disappearance of the Plague: A Continuing Puzzle,”
Economic History Review
33, no. 2 (2004): 161–73.

Hard-bodied ticks, ixodids
Evans,
Principles of Acarology,
390.

For example, the larval instars of
Ibid., 179.

Similarly, Dr. Lauren Krupp and her colleagues
L. B. Krupp, L. G. Hyman, R. Grimson, P. K. Coyle, P. Melville, S. Ahnn, et al., “Study and Treatment of Post Lyme Disease (STOP-LD): A Randomized Double Masked Clinical Trial,”
Neurology
60 (2003): 1923–30.

Alternatively, some researchers felt
A. C. Steere, E. Taylor, G. L. McHugh, and E. L. Logigian, “The Overdiagnosis of Lyme Disease,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
269, no. 14 (1993): 1812–16.

9: C
ANDIRU
: T
ROUBLE WITH A
C
APITAL
C
AND
T
HAT
R
HYMES WITH
P

According to some of these
Stephen Spotte,
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish
(Berkeley, Calif.: Creative Arts Book Company, 2001), 157–66.

These fishes are greatly attracted by the odor
Ibid., 157. From a translation in Carl H. Eigenmann, “The Pygidiidae, a Family of South American Catfishes,” in
Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum
(Pittsburgh, Penn.: Carnegie Museum, 1918), 259–98.

Fortunately, as with the candiru's fellow
Spotte,
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish.

Candiru belong to the Trichomycteridae
Warren Burgess,
An Atlas of Freshwater and Marine Catfishes
(Neptune City, N.J.: TFH Publications, 1993), 305–25.

Trichomycterids, most of which are rather plain-looking
Spotte,
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish,
5.

Within the Trichomycteridae is a small subfamily
Ibid.

According to Dr. Spotte
Ibid., 50–51.

a technique detailed in an article published
Kenneth W. Vinton and W. H. Stickler, “The Carnero: A Fish Parasite of Man and Possibly Other Mammals,”
Journal of Surgery
N.S. 54 (1941): 511–19.

There have been numerous anecdotal descriptions
Paulo Petry, Anoar Samad, and Stephen Spotte, “Candiru Attack on Human in the Amazon River: Hard Evidence for a Long Standing Myth” (paper presented at the American Society of Herpetologists and Ichthyologists, July 6, 2001).

A recent claim by researchers
Jansen Zuanon and Ivan Sazima, “Vampire Catfishes Seek the Aorta Not the Jugular: Candirus of the Genus
Vandellia
(Trichomycteridae) Feed on Major Gill Arteries of Host Fishes,”
Journal of Ichthyology & Aquatic Biology
8, no. 1 (2003): 31–36.

In the “urine-loving hypothesis”
Spotte,
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish,
142–49.

Interestingly, these apparent drawbacks
Eigenmann, “The Pygidiidae, a family of South American Catfishes,” 266–67.

In what has become known
Spotte,
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish,
154–56.

10: A T
OUGH
W
AY TO
M
AKE A
L
IVING

What was so thought provoking
Kurt Vonnegut,
Galápagos,
(New York: Delacorte Press, 1985).

In that regard, they
Dolph Schluter and Peter Grant, “Ecological Correlates of Morphological Evolution in a Darwin's Finch,
Geospiza difficilis,” Evolution
38, no. 4 (1984): 856–69.

Geospiza difficilis
is widely distributed
Peter Grant, B. Rosemary Grant, and Kenneth Petren, “The Allopatric Phase of Speciation: The Sharp-Beaked Ground Finch
(Geospiza difficilis)
on the Galápagos Islands,”
British Journal of the Linnaean Society
69 (2000): 287–317.

We should judge every scrap of biodiversity
Edward O. Wilson,
The Diversity of Life
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1992), 351.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

A
RTICLES

Clarfield, A. Mark. “Stalin's Death (or ‘Death of a Tyrant').”
Annals of Long-Term Care
13, no. 3 (2005): 52–54.

Ditmars, Raymond L., and Arthur M. Greenhall. “The Vampire Bat—A Presentation of Undescribed Habits and Review of Its History.”
Zoologica
4 (1935): 53–76.

Goodwin, George, and Arthur M. Greenhall. “A Review of the Bats of Trinidad and Tobago,”
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,
122 (1961): 187–301.

Gould, Steven J., and Richard Lewontin. “The Spandrels of San Marcos.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
B 205 (1979): 581–98.

Huxley, Thomas H. “On the Structure of the Stomach in Desmodus Rufus.”
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
35 (1865): 386–90.

Keegan, Hugh L., Myron G. Radke, and David A. Murphy. “Nasal Leech Infestation in Man.”
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
19, no. 6 (1970): 1029–30.

McFarland, William N., and William A. Wimsatt. “Renal Function and Its Relationship to the Ecology of the Vampire Bat, Desmodus Rotundus.”
Comparative Biochemical Physiology
28 (1970): 985–1006.

Mitchell, Clay G., and James R. Tigner. “The Route of Ingested Blood in the Vampire Bat,”
Journal of Mammalogy
51, no. 4 (1970): 814–17.

Myles, Timothy G., “Observations on Mites (Acari) Associated with the Eastern Subterranean Termites,
Reticulitermes flavipes
(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).”
Sociobiology
39, no. 2 (2002): 277–80.

Park, A. “The Case of the Disappearing Leech.”
British Journal of Plastic Surgery
46 (1993): 543.

Schutt, William A., Jr., and J. Scott Altenbach. “A Sixth Digit in
Diphylla ecaudata,
the Hairy-Legged Vampire Bat.”
Mammalia
61, no. 2 (1997): 280–85.

Schutt, William A., Jr., John Hermanson, Young-Hui Chang, Dennis Cullinane, J. Scott Altenbach, Farouk Muradali, and John Bertram. “Functional Morphology of the Common Vampire Bat,
Desmodus rotundus.” Journal of Experimental Biology
200, no. 23 (1997): 3003–12.

Schutt, William A., Jr., Farouk Muradali, Naim Mondol, Keith Joseph, and Kim Brockmann. “The Behavior and Maintenance of Captive White-Winged Vampire Bats,
Diaemus youngi
(Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae).”
Journal of Mammalogy
80, no. 1 (1999): 71–81.

Schutt, William A., Jr., and Nancy B. Simmons. “Morphology and Homology of the Chiropteran Calcar.
Journal of Mammalian Evolution
5, no. 1 (1998): 1–32.

Steere, A. C., E. Taylor, G. L. McHugh, and E. L. Logigian, “The Overdiagnosis of Lyme Disease,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
269, no. 14 (1993): 1812–16.

Wilkinson, Gerald S. “Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat.”
Nature
308 (1984): 181.

Wimsatt, William A., and Anthony Geurriere. “Observations on the Feeding Capacities and Excretory Functions of Captive Vampire Bats.”
Journal of Mammalogy
43 (1962): 17–26.

B
OOKS

Altenbach, J. Scott.
Locomotor Morphology of the Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus.
Special Pub. No. 6, American Society of Mammalogists, 1979.

Brown, David E.
Vampiro—The Vampire Bat in Fact and Fantasy.
Silver City, N. Mex.: High-Lonesome Books, 1994.

Bunson, Matthew.
The Vampire Encyclopedia.
New York: Gramercy, 1993.

de Beer, Gavin.
Embryology and Evolution.
Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1930.

Cushing, Emory C.
History of Entomology in World War II.
Pub. No. 4294. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1957.

Evans, Gwilym O.
Principles of Acarology.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1992.

Florescu, Radu, and Raymond T. McNally.
Dracula—A Biography of Vlad the Impaler.
New York: Hawthorne Books, 1973.

Gould, Stephen Jay.
Ontogeny and Phylogeny.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977.

Gould, Stephen Jay.
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History.
New York: W.W. Norton, 1989.

Greenhall, Arthur M., and Uwe Schmidt, eds.
Natural History of Vampire Bats.
Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC Press, 1988.

Hayes, Bill.
Five Quarts: A Personal and Natural History of Blood.
New York: Random House, 2005.

Kunz, Thomas H., and Paul Racey, eds.
Bat Biology and Conservation.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1998.

Moore, Wendy.
The Knife Man.
New York: Broadway Books, 2005.

Radzinsky, Edvard.
Stalin.
New York: Doubleday, 1996.

Reiss, Oscar.
Medicine and the American Revolution.
Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co., 1998.

Root-Bernstei, Robert and Michèle.
Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels.
New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

Sawyer, Roy T.
Leech Biology and Behavior,
vol. 1:
Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior.
Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Sawyer, Roy T.
Leech Biology and Behavior,
vol. 2:
Feeding Biology, Ecology, and Systematics.
Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Sawyer, Roy T.
Leech Biology and Behavior,
vol. 3:
Bibliography.
Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Sigerist, Henry E.
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New York: Oxford University Press, 1951.

Southall, John.
A Treatise of Buggs.
London, 1730.

Spotte, Stephen.
Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfish.
Berkeley, Calif.: Creative Arts Book Company, 2001.

Summers, Montague.
The Vampire: His Kith and Kin.
London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner and Co., 1928.

Usinger, Robert L.
Monograph of Cimicidae.
College Park, Md.: Entomological Society of America, 1966.

Walker, Kenneth.
The Story of Blood.
New York: Philosophical Library, 1962.

Wilson, Edward O.
The Diversity of Life.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1992.

Woolley, Tyler A.
Acarology—Mites and Human Welfare.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1988.

N
EWSPAPER AND
M
AGAZINE
A
RTICLES

Altman, Mara. “Bed Bugs & Beyond.”
Village Voice,
December 13–19, 2006.

Chan, Sewell. “Everything You Need to Know About Bedbugs but Were Afraid to Ask.”
New York Times,
October 15, 2006.

Singer, Mark. “Night Visitors.”
New Yorker,
April 4, 2004.

I
NTERNET
A
RTICLES

BBC News. “King George III: Mad or Misunderstood,” 2004,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/hi/health/388903.stm
.

“The Death of George Washington, 1799.” Eye Witness to History, 2001,
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com
.

“George Washington: Eyewitness Account of His Death,” 2003,
http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x01death_lear_g.htm
.

New York State, Department of State, Division of Licensing Services. “Manufacture, Repairer-Renovator or Rebuilder of New and/or Used Bedding and/or Retailer/Wholesaler of Used Bedding Application,”
http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lcns/instructions/1427ins.htm
.