Cross and Scepter (43 page)

The Saga of Hakon and a Fragment of the Saga of Magnus with Appendices,
trans. G. W. Dasent,
Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores
vol. 88.4 (London 1894, repr. 1964).

The Saga of King Sverri of Norway,
trans. J. Sephton (London: David Nuff, 1899).

Saxo,
Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes,
trans. by Peter Fisher, ed. by Hilda Ellis Davidson vols. 1–2 (Cambridge: Brewer, 1979).

Strengleikar: An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-One Old French Lais,
ed. and trans. by Robert Cook and Mattias Tveitane (Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt, 1979).

Chapter 5: The Later Middle Ages: Agrarian Crisis, Constitutional Conflicts, and Scandinavian Unions

On the Black Death, the late medieval desertion, and late medieval society, see
CHS,
pp. 559–675. Svend Gissel et al.,
Desertion and Land Colonization in the Nordic Countries, ca. 1300–1600: Comparative Report from the Scandinavian Research Project on Deserted Farms and Villages
(Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1981) presents the main results of the Scandinavian project on the agrarian crisis.

The unions and conflicts in the Later Middle Ages are dealt with in
CHS
, pp. 679–770. Most of the more specialist literature is in the Scandinavian languages: Kristian Erslev,
Danmarks Historie under Dronning Margrethe og hendes nærmeste Efterfølgere,
vols. 1–2 (Copenhagen: Jacob Erslev, 1882–1901); Erik Lönnroth,
Sverige och Kalmarunionen 1397–1457
(Gothenburg: Akademiförlaget, 1969 [orig. 1934]); Lars-Olof Larsson,
Kalmarunionens tid: Från drottning Margareta till Kristian II
(Stockholm:
Rabén Prisma, 1997), who differs from Lönnroth on several important points; and, most recently, Harald Gustafsson,
Gamla riken, nya stater. Statsbildning, politisk kultur och identiteter under Kalmarunionens upplösningsskede, 1512–1541
(Stockholm: Atlantis, 2000). On the explanation of the decline of Hungary in the early sixteenth century as a result of the strength of the aristocracy, see Engel,
The Realm of St. Stephen,
pp. 345–71.

Unless otherwise indicated, all translations of the sources are my own.

INDEX

A Speech against the Bishops,
120
,
121
,
219

Abel, King of Denmark (1250–52),
42
,
146
,
162
,
163

Åbo,
46

Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde, Archbishop of Lund,
40
,
82
,
85
,
170
,
212

absolutism,
284
,
286
,
289

Achilles,
12

Adam of Bremen,
63

Aegidius Romanus,
220

Aethelred, King of England,
31

Agnes, daughter of King HÃ¥kon V of Norway,
155

Agnes, Queen of Denmark,
163

agriculture,
9
,
10
,
11
,
133
,
134
,
139

Akershus Castle,
114
,
287

Albrecht of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden (1364–89),
244
–
46

Alexander III, King of Scotland,
44
,
240

Alexander III, Pope,
80
–
82

Alfred, King of England,
22
,
25
,
131

Allting,
44
,
See also
assembly

Alsnö stadga
(the Statute of Alsnö,
111

Alvastra monastery,
72
,
196
,
200

Amalekites,
78

American Revolution,
283

Anders Sunesen, Archbishop of Lund,
74
,
82
,
180

Andrew III, King of Hungary,
239

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
21
,
108

Annales School,
4

Ansgar, missionary, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen,
25
,
63

Anund Jakob, King of Sweden (d. c. 1050),
33

Arab world,
23

Aragon,
267
,
268

archbishopric,
68
,
72
,
253

archbishops,
2
,
79
,
85
,
159
,
281

archdeacons,
72
,
91

Ari the Wise,
24
,
63
,
64
,
205

Arinbjørn, Norwegian chieftain,
87

aristocracy, culture of,
176
,
231
,
223
,
228
,
231
; formation of,
56
,
121
,
123
,
149
,
216
,
218
,
226
,
235
,
270
,
271
; political role of,
48
,
50
,
58
,
66
,
85
,
92
,
93
,
129
,
140
,
146
–
49
,
152
,
157
,
160
–
65
,
167
,
168
,
172
,
219
,
235
,
245
,
246
,
248
,
249
,
251
–
54
,
256
–
61
,
263
,
272
,
274
,
275
,
277
,
278
,
280
,
281
,
284
,
286
,
287
,
289
; privileges of,
92
,
111
,
265
; and religion,
70
,
77
,
98
,
179
,
194
,
201
; revenues of,
122
,
123
,
130
,
133
,
139
,
234
; stratification of,
116
,
234
,
279
,
281

Aristotle,
121
,
150
,
180
,
219
–
22

Arkona,
39
,
40

Asbjørn, Norwegian chieftain,
17
–
20

Asgjerd,
86
,
87

Åsle, Battle of,
246

assemblies, local,
71
,
91
,
92
; national,
44
,
55
,
148
,
149
,
255
,
257
,
272
,
280
; provincial,
87
,
103

Athalstan, King of England,
153

Atlantic,
11
,
24
,
43
,
46
,
72
,
264

Augustinians,
73
,
179

authority,
2
,
20
,
91
,
102
–
04
,
106
,
143
,
156
,
158
,
168
,
169
,
187
,
270
,
275
,
280

ballads,
223

Baltic area,
33
,
40
,
47
,
112

Baltic Sea,
7
,
29
,
46
,
47
,
69

baptism,
64
,
65
,
71

Beckett, Samuel,
229

Bergen,
112
,
118
,
132
,
133
–
35
,
137
–
39
,
143
,
158
,
176
,
177

Bergenhus Castle,
287

Berg-Onund,
87

big man,
19

Birger, Earl of Sweden (d. 1266),
56
,
57

Birger Gunnersen, Archbishop of Lund,
278

Birger Magnusson, King of Sweden (1290–1319),
116
,
148
,
150
,
155
,
161
,
163
,
164
,
171
,
215
–
18
,
241
,
242
,
245
,
269

Birger Persson, Birgitta's father,
196

birth, illegitimate,
54
,
87
,
153
,
154
,
240
; legitimate,
2
,
53
,
54
,
87
,
154
,
238
,
239

bishops,
2
,
40
,
54
,
77
,
84
,
85
,
130
,
137
,
143
,
149
,
157
,
160
,
161
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
202
,
207
,
234
,
235
,
237
,
251
,
259
,
261
,
272
,
277
,
279
–
81
,
284
–
86

Bismarck, Otto von,
7

Black Death,
9
,
113
,
122
,
193
,
232
,
236
,
281
,
287

Blekinge,
18
,
244
,
267

Bloodbath of Stockholm,
259
,
282

Bluetooth dynasty,
34

Bo Jonsson Grip, Swedish magnate,
246

Bohemia,
7
,
35
,
69
,
77
,
239
,
268

Bohus Castle,
287

Bohuslän,
118
,
267

Boleslaw, Duke of Pomerania,
256

Bolin, Sture,
23

Bornhøved, Battle of,
42

Brandenburg,
7

British Isles,
36

Brunkeberg, Battle of,
258

bureaucracy,
3
,
59
,
60
,
72
,
78
,
83
,
84
,
119
,
140
,
143
,
147
,
161

Canones Nidrosienses,
79
,
84

canons,
79
,
80
,
137
,
141
,
207
,
234
,
281
,
286

castellans,
146
,
147
,
236
,
255
,
269
,
281

Castile,
267

castles,
42
,
107
,
114
,
116
–
18
,
128
,
129
,
135
,
147
,
166
,
244
,
269
,
272
,
281
,
287
,
288

cathedral chapters,
72
,
80
,
137
,
281

celibacy,
75
,
78
,
80

chancellor,
95
,
141

chancery,
141
,
142
,
147
,
254
,
262

Charles I of Anjou, King of Hungary,
239

Charles II, King of Hungary,
239

Charles III, King of France,
22

chivalry,
59
,
217
,
223
,
226
,
229
,
282
, rules of,
59
,
170
,
217

Chretien de Troyes,
223

Christ,
5
,
17
,
18
,
60
,
62
,
178
,
180
,
198
,
199
,
204
–
06
,
211