Cracked (31 page)

68
See: Sobo, S. “A Reevaluation of the Relationship between Psychiatric Diagnosis and Chemical Imbalance.” Website: http://simonsobo.com/a-reevaluation-of-the-relationship-between-psychiatric-diagnosis-and-chemical-imbalances

69
I am also grateful to David Davis's article in the
LA Times Magazine
for filling in some factual gaps, some of which I paraphrase below. See: Davis, D. “Losing the Mind,”
LA Times Magazine
, October 26, 2003.

70
Quotations from MindFreedom website. See: http://www.mindfreedom.org/kb/act/2003/mf-hunger-strike/hunger-strike-debate/scientific-panel-1st-reply-to-apa

71
See: APA Statement on “Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders” Website: http://www.mindfreedom.org/kb/act/2003/mf-hunger-strike/hunger-strike-debate/apa-2nd-reply-to-mfi

72
Schildkraut, J. J. “The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders: a review of supporting evidence.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 122 (1965): 509–522.

73
Healy, D.
The Antidepressant Era
. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

74
Coppen, A. “The Biochemistry of Affective Disorders.”
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
113 (1967): 1237–1264.

75
Monicreff, J.
The Myth of the Chemical Cure: a critique of psychiatric drug treatment
, 132.

76
Ruhé, H. S., Mason, N. S., and Schene,
A. H. “Mood Is Indirectly Related to Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine Levels in Humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies.”
Molecular Psychiatry
, 12 (2007): 331–359.

77
Booij, L
.,
Van der Does, A.J
., and
Riedel,
W. J. “Monoamine Depletion in Psychiatric and Healthy Populations: review.”
Molecular Psychiatry,
8 (12) (2003): 951–73.

78
Carlat, D.
Unhinged,
79–80.

79
Belmaker, R.H., Agam, G. et al. “Major Depressive Disorder.”
New England Journal of Medicine,
358 (2008): 55–68.

80
Tsankova, N
.,
Renthal, W
.,
Kumar, A
., and
Nestler, E. J
. “Epigenetic Regulation in Psychiatric Disorders.”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience,
May 8(5) (2007): 355–67.

81
Kaffman, A
., and
Meaney, M. J
. “Neurodevelopmental Sequelae of Postnatal Maternal Care in Rodents: clinical and research implications of molecular insights
.”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
48(3–4) (2007): 224–44.

A really good journalistic account of this study can be found here: Zimmer, C. “
The Brain
: The Switches That Can Turn Mental Illness On and Off.”
Discover Magazine,
published online June 16, 2010.

82
McGowan, P. O. et al. “Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associates with Childhood Abuse.”
Nature Neuroscience
, 12(3) (2009): 342–348.

83
Peedicayil, J. “The Role of Epigenetics on Mental Disorders.”
Indian Journal of Medical Research,
126 (2007): 105–111.

Tsankova, T., Renthal, W., Kumar, A., and Nestler, E. J. Epigenetic Regulation in Psychiatric Disorders, 355–367.

84
Olopade, O.I. et al. “Advances in Breast Cancer: Pathways to Personalized Medicine.”
Clinical Cancer Research,
14 (December 15, 2008): 7988–7999.

85
ASCO website:
http://www.cancer.net/patient/All+About+Cancer/Genetics/Genetic+Testing
[accessed May 2012].

86
See: Joseph, J., and Ratner, C. website: http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/1NX6VC0254.pdf

87
Caspi, A. et al. “Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT.”
Gene Science,
301 (5631) (2003): 386–389.

88
Quoted in: Carlat, D.
Unhinged: The Trouble with Psychiatry—a doctor's revelations about a profession in crisis
, 80.

89
World Health Organization, Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Facts and Figures Conquering Depression. (accessed online Aug. 2010) website: http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section1174/Section1199/Section1567/Section1826_8101.htm

90
What follows is a summary of that story, aspects of which I paraphrase. I have also chosen to use Sue Reid's quotations acquired through her interviews. I have done this because I was reluctant to interview Harry's family myself. Interviews ask people to revisit episodes a family may prefer to no longer publically discuss. As in this case Reid's quotations are more than adequate for my purposes, it seemed unnecessary to approach the family directly.

91
Reid, S. “Child Victims of the Chemical Cosh,”
Daily Mail,
(updated June 2011).

92
See: http://www.metro.co.uk/news/859706-mick-hucknalls-cousin-harry-was-a-victim-of-prescribed-drugs

93
Healy
, D., and
Whitaker
, C. “Antidepressants and suicide: risk–benefit conundrums.”
Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience,
28(5) (2003): 331–337.

94
See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-17348819

95
Khan, A., Warner, H. A., and Brown, W. A. “Symptom Reduction and Suicide Risk in Patients Treated with Placebo in Antidepressant Clinical Trials: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database.”
Archives of General Psychiatry,
57 (2000): 311–317. Kirsch, I. (2009)
The Emperor's New Drugs
. Khan, A., Redding, N., & Brown, W. A. (2008). The Persistence of the Placebo Response in Antidepressant Clinical Trials.
Journal of Psychiatric Research,
791–796.

96
I quote the following examples in my recent article for
Therapy Today
, from which I paraphrase. see: Davies, J. “The Deceptions of the Pharmaceutical Industry.”
Therapy Today
, 23 (8) (2012).

97
Kondro, W., and Sibbald, B. “Drug company experts advised to withhold data about SSRI use in children.”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
, 170 (2004): 783.

98
Reported in:
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/business/26drug.html?_r=2&ref=business

99
Eyding, D. et al. “Reboxetine for Acute Treatment of Major Depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials.”
British Medical Journal
, 341 (2010): 4737.

100
Turner, E. H. et al. “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy.”
The New England Journal of Medicine
, January 17, 2008: 252–60.

101
Ibid.

102
Spielmans, G. I., and Parry, P. I. “From Evidence-based Medicine to Marketing-based Medicine: evidence from internal industry documents,” 13–29.

103
See: House of Commons Health Committee Report (2004–5)
The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry
. Website:
http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/42.pdf
[accessed December 2011]

104
Quoted in: Spielmans, G. I., and Parry, P. I. “From Evidence-based Medicine to Marketing-based Medicine: evidence from internal industry documents,”
Bioethical Inquiry
, 7 (2010): 13–29.

105
Smith, R. “Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies.”
PLoS Med
2(5) (2005): e138.

106
Ibid.

107
Quoted in: Spielmans, G. I., and Parry, P. I. “From Evidence-based Medicine to Marketing-based Medicine: evidence from internal industry documents,” 13–29.

108
Paula Caplan argues in her article “The Pills That Make Us Fat” (
New Scientist
) that it is not the weight gain that necessarily causes the diabetes, although in some cases it may, but that taking the pills can directly cause diabetes even in patients who do not gain weight, which is even scarier.

109
Quoted in: Spielmans, G. I., and Parry, P. I. “From Evidence-based Medicine to Marketing-based Medicine: evidence from internal industry documents,” 13–29.

110
Goldacre, B. “Drug Firms Hiding Negative Data are Unfit to Experiment on People,”
The Guardian,
August 14, 2008. Website:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/aug/14/drug-companies-bury-negative-research
[accessed Dec. 2011]

111
The authors did, however, declare that while their study only focused on one drug for depression, it did not therefore support general statements that pooled analyses containing redundant data are widely spread. It was clear that in this instance, however, as the authors said, “salami-slicing appeared to have taken place with substantial frequency via pooled analyses.”

112
Spielmans, G. I., Biehn, T. l., and Sawrey, D. L. “A Case Study of Salami Slicing: pooled analyses of duloxetine for depression.”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
, 79 (2010): 97–106.

113
See: Fournier, J. C. et al. “Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity: a patient-level meta-analysis.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association
, 303(1) (2010): 47–53.

Please also see: Jackson, G.
Rethinking Psychiatric Drugs.
London: AuthorHouse, 2005.

114
Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., and Clark, O. “Pharmaceutical Industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality.”
British Medical Journal,
326 (2003): 1167–1170.

115
Smith, R. “Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies,” e138.

116
Angell, M. “Industry-Sponsored Clinical Research: A Broken System.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association
, 300 (9) (2008): 1069–71.

117
Campbell, E. G. et al. “Institutional Academic-Industry Relationships.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association
, 298(15) (2007): 1779–178.

118
See: House of Commons Health Committee Report,
The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry
, 2004–5. Website:
http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/42.pdf
.

119
The money they received was for research (42 percent), for consultancies (22 percent), and for talks and presentations (16 percent). See: Cosgrove, L., Krimsky, S., Vijayaraghavan, M., and Schneider, L. “Financial Ties between DSM-IV Panel Members and the Pharmaceutical Industry.”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,
75 (2006): 154–160.

120
See:
DSM-5
website: http://www.dsm5.org/MeetUs/Pages/TaskForceMembers.aspx

121
Please see Carlat's account in: Carlat, D.
Unhinged,
135.

122
For full breakdown and coverage of all these exposures, see Senator Grassley's government website: http://www.grassley.senate.gov/about/Disclosure-of-Drug-Company-Payments-to-Doctors.cfm

123
Healy refers to Lilly's involvement in pulling funding from the Hastings Centre Reports following an article that picked up on issues regarding Prozac. See: http://www.pharmapolitics.com/goldbloom.html

124
See:
http://www.pharmapolitics.com/birgenau.html

125
Timimi, S. “Child Psychiatry and its Relationship with the Pharmaceutical Industry: theoretical and practical issues.”
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
, 14 (2008): 3–9.

126
Harris, G., Carey, B., and Roberts, J. “Psychiatrists, Children and Drug Industry's Role,”
New York Times
: May 10, 2007.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/health/10psyche.html
[accessed June 2011].

127
See: http://www.amsascorecard.org/

128
Such services include “speaking at and chairing meetings, involvement in medical/scientific studies, clinical trials or training services, participation at advisory board meetings, and participation in market research where such participation involves remuneration and/or travel.”

129
See: http://www.pmcpa.org.uk/files/sitecontent/ABPI_Code_2012.pdf

130
A similar response was given by UCL when I asked: “Please provide all figures regarding monies received from the pharmaceutical industry by any individual faculty member (records going back three years).” They responded: “This information is not held. While individuals are required to declare any interest, they are not specifically required to declare the payments received.”

131
Davies, J.
The Making of Psychotherapists: an anthropological analysis
. London: Karnac, 2009.

132
I started working voluntarily as a trainee, but continued to do so after my training had been completed. So while I can't guarantee I will always work voluntarily, if I ever took fees my paid hours would be few and my fees affordable for the average person. I have the luxury of taking this position because I earn my living from my university post in social anthropology.

133
See: House of Commons Health Committee Report (2004: 58).

134
I here re-create Daniel Carlat's story from a combination of his reported experiences in his article “Dr. Drug Rep” published in the
New York Times
(August 25, 2007) and the information I gathered from my interview with him. In parts of my account I paraphrase from his
NYT
article.