Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (89 page)

Neolithic culture of the period 4100–3700 bc in northeast Bulgaria and the lower Danube Valley of southeast Romania, which forms part of a group of related cultures including the
MARITSA
and
V
DASTRA CULTURE
which are regarded as contemporary with Level V at
KARANOVO
. Settlements of this period are bigger than those of the preceding Dude
i and Vadastra I Cultures, some approaching small tells. Copper artefacts appear for the first time in late phases and there is evidence of trade networks through to the Black Sea represented by imports of spondylus shell and Prut Valley flint. The pottery is decorated with geometric designs filled with white paste.

 
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The permanent base of a pollarded tree.

 
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1
Bølling Interstadial: a warm phase during the final stages of the last glaciation of mainland Europe (the Weichsel Glaciation), starting at about 10500 bc.
2
Bølling Phase: a biostratigraphic subdivision of the
FLANDRIAN STAGE
in which conditions were warmer than in the preceding
OLDEST DRYAS
. Godwin's
POLLEN ZONE
Ib corresponds with the Bølling Phase in Britain, marked by the development of park tundra. The Bølling Phase spans the period from
c.
10500 bc down to
c.
10000 bc in northern Europe.

 
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A Maya ceremonial centre situated close to the Lacanha River dating to
c.
ad 450–800. The site is well known for its colourful frescos and murals which adorn the walls of palaces and temples. Dated to ad 792, these paintings depict a victory won by the ruler of this ceremonial centre. In one of the scenes he stands with his warriors on top of a stepped platform while stripped and bleeding captives sit on the steps below.
[Rep.: K. J. Ruppert , J. E. S. Thompson , and T. Proskouriakoff , 1955,
Bonampak, Chiapas, Mexico
. Washington: Carnegie Institution]

 
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A band of brickwork (or occasionally stone slabs) which alternates with wider sections of regular stonework. It normally runs through the entire thickness of the wall, presumably to give cohesion and stability to the mortared rubble core. A bonding course is also useful to level up courses during construction.

 
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